에탄올 개발과 식량안보: 브라질과 미국의 사례를 중심으로
Ethanol Development and Food Security: Brazil and the U.S.A.
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Since the oil crisis in 1970s, ethanol fuel has been considered as a main alternative to fossil fuel, especially gasoline. Both Brazil and the USA are currently the world’s leading producer and exporter of ethanol. Brazil’s ethanol industry is used as the exemplary “poster child” to justify ethanol production in the USA. It must be a “West” thing because the Europeans are following a similar ethanol policy. Brazil’s success is remarkable to become a world model of energy independence promoting energy security. Ethanol as grain alcohol is made mainly from sugarcane in Brazil and corn in the USA. Both sugarcane and corn are economically important crops which is used as raw material in human food industries. Such a grain based ethanol production consumes high percentage of crops and it ultimately induces not only food shortage and higher food price leading to more hunger, more pain and more hardship in the world. This paper compares similarities and differences in ethanol development and production between Brasil and the USA. It also examines how the ethanol development influences on global food price or food crisis. And finally, It discusses on the relationship between global oil price, global food price, and ethanol production in Brazil and the USA.
Abstract
Since the oil crisis in 1970s, ethanol fuel has been considered as a main alternative to fossil fuel, especially gasoline. Both Brazil and the USA are currently the world’s leading producer and exporter of ethanol. Brazil’s ethanol industry is used as the exemplary “poster child” to justify ethanol production in the USA. It must be a “West” thing because the Europeans are following a similar ethanol policy. Brazil’s success is remarkable to become a world model of energy independence promoting energy security. Ethanol as grain alcohol is made mainly from sugarcane in Brazil and corn in the USA. Both sugarcane and corn are economically important crops which is used as raw material in human food industries. Such a grain based ethanol production consumes high percentage of crops and it ultimately induces not only food shortage and higher food price leading to more hunger, more pain and more hardship in the world. This paper compares similarities and differences in ethanol development and production between Brasil and the USA. It also examines how the ethanol development influences on global food price or food crisis. And finally, It discusses on the relationship between global oil price, global food price, and ethanol production in Brazil and the USA.
참고문헌 (38)
- 반복되는 국제 곡물가격 파동, "김화년", ~, pp.CEO Information, 제864호 (2012)
- 세계 식량문제와 우리의 대응방안, "농촌진흥청", ~ (2011)
- 농림수산식품 주요통계, "농림수산식품부", ~ (2012)
- The Ethanol Trap: Why Polices to Promote as Fuel Need Rethinking, "Auld, Douglas", ~, pp.Commentary #268 (2008)
- "Brazil’s Ethanol Program: An Insider’s View" (2007)[URL]
- Birur, Dileep, "The Biofuels Boom: Implications for World Food Markets", Paper prepared for presentation at the Food Economy Conference Sponsored by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture (2007), The Hague
- "The Great Food Crisis of 2011" (2011)[URL]
- Clean Fuels's Development Coalition, "Issue Brief: The Impact of Ethanol Production on Food, Feed and Fuel", A publication of Ethanol Across America, (Summer) (2008)
- Cribb, Julian, "The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do To Avoid It" (2010), University of California Press
- Donner, Simon D., "Corn-based ethanol production compromises goal of reducing nitrogen export by the Mississippi River", Proceedings of National Journal of Sciences (2008)
- Dutt, Pushan, "How to Make Biofuels a Development Opportunity in Brazil", ~ (2007)
- Energy Information Administration, "Country Analysis Briefs: Brazil", ~ (2012)
- Farzad, Taheripour, "Ethanol Policy Analysis: What Have We Learned So Far", Choices, 23(3), pp.6~11 (2008)
- Runge, C. Ford, "Biofuels Could Starve the Poor", Foreign Affairs (2007)
- Ethanol Policy Brief, "Growth Energy", ~ (2010)
- Reflections on the Global Food Crisis: How Did It Happen? How Has It Hurt? and How Can We Prevent the Next One?, "Headey, Derek", ~ (2010)
- International Energy Agency, "CO2 Emissions From Fuel Combustion" (2011), Highlights
- Kingsbury, Kathleen, "After the Oil Crisis, A Food Crisis", The New York Times, ~ (2007)
- "Ethanol's first century" (2008)[URL]
- Lovins, Amory B, "Winning the Oil Endgame" (2004), Rocky Mountain Institute
- Magdoff, Fred, "Biofuels and the Global Food Crisis, In Agriculture and Food In Crisis" (2010), Monthly Review Press
- Motavalli, Jim, "Flex-Fuel Amendment Makes for Strange Bedfellows", NYT, ~ (2012)
- Pimentel, David, "Energy and Dollar Costs of Ethanol Production with Corn", Hubbert Center Newsletter, ~ (1998)
- Rothkopf, Garten, "A Blueprint for Green Energy in the Americas" (2007), Inter-American Development Bank
- Runge, C. Ford Runge, "How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor", Foreign Affairs (2007)
- Sandalow, David, "Ethanol: Lessons from Brazil, In A High Growth Strategy for Ethanol" (2006), Aspen Institute
- Solomon, Barry D., "Grain and Cellulosic ethanol: History, economics, and energy policy", Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(6), pp.416~425 (2007)
- Shurtleff, D. Sean, "Brazil's energy plan examined", The Washington Times, ~ (2008)
- Taheripour, Farzad, "Ethanol Policy Analysis: What Have We Learned So Far", Choices, 23(3), pp.6~11 (2008)
- Tokar, Brian, "Biofuels and the Global Food Crisis, In Agriculture and Food In Crisis" (2010), Monthly Review Press
- Troch, F. R., "Soil and Water Conservation" (1991), Prentice Hall
- Tyner W., "Policy Options for Integrated Energy and Agricultural Markets", Review of Agricultural Economics, 31(3), pp.387~396 (2008)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Grain Stocks", ~ (2012)
- U.S. Department of Energy, "Fact Sheet: Ethanol Basics" (2008), Clean Cities
- The Volpe Center, "Alternative Fuel Guidelines for Alternative Transportation Systems", ~ (2011)
- Worldwatch Institute, "Biofuels for Transportation: Global Potential and Implication for Sustainable Agriculture an Energy in the 21st Century", ~ (2006)
- Xavier, Marcus R., "Issue Analysis: The Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol Experience" (2007), The Competitive Enterprise Institute
- Yeatman, William, "Ethanol is a Budget Buster" (2007), Competitive Enterprise Institute