19세기 불교 外緣의 변화와 그 영향 -국가 권력층을 중심으로-

Abstract

In the 19th century, religious terrain of the Joseon Dynasty period greatly fluctuated because there was an extension of Catholic and an establishment of Donghak(東學). Moreover, Docham(圖讖) that represented Jeonggamnok(鄭鑑錄) was prevalent among people in a local community and then led to insurrection as a result. Confucianism that was the state ideology and Buddhism that was a great consolation to all people until 18th century fell into decay, not to cope with the change of religious terrain in the 19th century. In the case of Buddhism, institutional rights that Buddhist monks had enjoyed privilege were mostly deprived and their position was fallen to law-abiding citizens. However, it was lasted to support financially noted mountains and large Buddhist temples in particular by a nation and a royal family. Buddhist temples that are ruined or burned down received help from a nation in the 19th century by issuing Gongmyeongcheop(空名帖). Also, a royal family conducted all sorts of Buddhist ceremony with money in the personal possession of the king and yet stagnant Buddhist couldn’t recover again. After Buddhist monks fought furiously in Japanese invasion called the Imjin War(壬辰倭亂) and Second Manchu Invasion called the Byungja War(丙子胡亂) for loyalty in spite of the fact that they violated religious precepts, confucian scholars changed their mind about Buddhism on amicable attitude. But unorthodox confucian scholars who regard Buddhism as a heresy didn’t change their attitude basically. Through Chongseop(摠攝) system, which is to protect mountain fortress and history archives, rather than the attitude of confucian scholars, Buddhists were forced driven out on military service like law-abiding citizens and suffered from all kinds of fatigue duty such as making some paper or straw shoes. As these situations hardened more and more in the 19th century, Buddhists lost their authority as trainee and then they were in a predicament that they fall into the lowest class of people who are more poor than law-abiding citizens.