19세기 미국 기계 엔지니어들의 “민주주의”
“Democracy” of the 19th century American Mechanical Engineers
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미국의 기계 엔지니어들은 독립 이래 19세기에 걸쳐 독특한 민주주의 관념을 형성하였다. 일찍이 퍼거슨이 지적했듯이, 그들은 민주주의를 대중이 누리는 물질적 풍요와 동일시하였다. 자신들의 시민적 덕목은 새로운 기계와 지식을 널리 전파해서, 더 다양한 상품을 더 저렴하게 공급할 수 있게 하는 데 있다고 믿었다. 이런 과업을 선교사적 열정으로 수행함으로써 획득하는 권위와 부는 자연스러운 것이었다. 독립 직후 미국 북동부의 일부 엘리트들은 이민 기술자들을 동업과 혼인을 통해 같은 계층으로 편입시켰다. 그들은 기계에 대한 자신들의 열정을 실현하는 것이 사회와 문명에 대한 기여이며, 정부와 국가는 그 실현을 위해 동원할 수단으로 간주하였다. 이런 선례는 친족과 후원 관계를 통해 영향력을 행사하는 식민지 시기의 방식을, 도제식 엔지니어 양성 방식과 미국 산업혁명과 맞물려, 미국 엔지니어 사회 내에서 유지시켰다. 엔지니어는 생활을 함께하는 도제를 종종 유사 친족으로 받아들였다. 엔지니어의 지도를 잘 따르는 도제일수록, 후계자가 되거나, 다른 산업 또는 다른 지역에서 엔지니어로 성장할 기회를 얻을 수 있었다. 지속적인 인구와 경제의 팽창 상황에서 진행된 미국 산업혁명 덕분에 엔지니어는 유능한 도제를 후원하는 일이 미래의 경쟁자를 기르는 것이 아니라 자신의 영향력을 넓히는 것으로 보게 하였다. 19세기 중반 이후까지 지속된 이 과정을 통해, 여러 기계 산업에 관여하는 공작기계 제작자들이, 그들 중에서도 기계 산업의 규모가 가장 컸던 필라델피아의 공작기계 제작자들이 미국 엔지니어 사회의 핵심으로 자리 잡았다. 그들은 피후견인을 키우기에 가장 유리한 사회적 기술적 위치에 있었기 때문이다. 1864년 발표된 셀라스식 나사 규격의 확산 과정과 그를 둘러싼 논쟁에서 19세기를 통해 형성된 미국 기계 엔지니어 습속의 단면들을 찾아 볼 수 있다: 정부 권력을 활용하되 정부의 개입은 반발하는 태도, 획기적인 혁신을 이룩해 성공한 엔지니어들의 자취를 그대로 따르려는 열망. 필라델피아의 공작기계 제작산업이 몰락한 이후에도 이런 단면들은 독특한 민주주의관과 함게 여전히 미국 엔지니어들의 특성으로 남아 있다.
Abstract
As Ferguson had noted, mechanical engineers of the United States cultivated a peculiar concept of “democracy” during the 19th century. They equated democracy with material abundance enjoyed by people, as Eugene S. Ferguson had noted. They believed in spreading new machines and mechanical know-how which would enable more diverse and affordable goods, as their own civic virtue. Any power and wealth acquired by this missionary zeal were never problematic. After the Independence, some North Eastern elites, such as Stevens’, Browns and Livingstons assimilated immigrated mechanical talents into their social startum offering partnerships and marriage ties. These elites regarded materializing this machinery passion as the contribution to the society and civilization. The power of government and state were, alongside their inventive minds. one of the means to achieve this goal. These precedents kept the quasi-kinship and patronage as the main conduits of exercising influence in American engineer community even well after the 19th century. The apprentice system of engineer education and the American Industrial Revolution ware main factor of this persistence. Master engineer often included an apprentice or journeyman into his quasi-kinship networks. The more loyally an apprentice followed his master’s leadership, the more frequently he was able to be a partner, the successor to his master’s business or to establish himself in another town or industrial sector. Industrial revolution under continuos population growth and economic expansion enabled master mechanical engineers to regard a talented apprentice not as an future competitor but an candidate to enlarge his sphere of influence. Under this circumstance, machine tool engineers, especially, those of Philadelphia emerged as the most powerful and influential engineer group in the middle of 19th century. For machine tool engineers engaged almost every mechanized industry and Philadelphia had the largest mechanical industry. Philadelphian machine tool engineers occupied the most ideal socio-technical niche for their proteges. The Sellers system of screw standard announced in 1864, its spread and the arguments against the metrication of that system reveals bits of American engineer mores: They mobilize governmental influences to achieve their own goals without hesitation, but are firmly against direct governmental intervention. They try to follow exactly the foot steps of succeeded engineers now with epoch making innovations. Even many decades after the demise of Philadelphian machine tool industry, these bits are manifest among American engineers as well as their peculiar concept of “democracy”.
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