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우주안보에 대한 국제법적 고찰- 국제인도법의 기본원칙 적용의 한계를 중심으로 -

International Law Implications for Space Security: Focusing on the Limitations of the Application of Basic Principles of International Humanitarian Law

오시진
법학연구원 (Legal Research Institute of Korea University)|2024.06|법학논총 (The Legal Studies Institute of Chosun University)|제37권 제1호|pp. 195-261|DOI 10.17251/legal.2024.37.1.195

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우주전쟁우주안보Space Security우주 무력충돌우주 인도법우주 무기화Space WarfareSpace Armed ConflictSpace Humanitarian LawSpace Weaponization

초록

오늘날 우주활동을 확장시키는 국가들과 이해관계자들은 더욱 많아지고 있으며, 우주안보와 관련하여서는 인공위성을 비롯한 우주기술의 발달을 활용한 우주물체의 이중용도 문제, 우주공간에서 사용가능한 무기의 발전과 배치 문제 등으로 국제사회의 우려가 더욱 커지고 있다. 우주안보에 관한 논의는 우주활동이 시작된 때로부터 계속되었으나 초기의 논의는 핵무기의 사용, 기타 대량파괴무기의 배치와 관련한 내용에 중점을 두었다. 그러나 오늘날의 안보 상황은 우주의 무기화와 우주공간에 대한 개념 변화로 우주와 관련하여 적용될 수 있는 기존 국제법 체제와 규범을 분석하고 그 한계를 보완할 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 최근에는 우주안보 상황과 관련하여 우주의 군사화 및 무기화가 계속 진행되고 있고 우주 관련 기술을 이중용도(dual usage)로 활용하는 사례가 증가하여 사안이 더 난해해 지고 있다. 최근에는 인공위성 요격미사일, 운동에너지무기, 광선이나 레이저 무기를 이용한 지향성 무기, 전자기펄스(EMP) 사용 등 우려가 되는 우주의 무기화 사례가 제시되고 있다. 이에 이제는 우주와 관련하여 무력충돌이 발생할 가능성을 고려하여 관련 규범을 검토하고 분석할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우선 우주에서의 군사 활동과 관련된 국제법 규범을 조약을 중심으로 분석하고 검토하여 그 한계를 확인하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 기존에 이미 연구가 많이 된 무력충돌 관련 국제법이라 할지라도 우주에서 이를 적용했을 때 애매모호한 법리적 사안이 있을 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 바로 이 우주법 체계의 한계를 지적하고자 한다.

Abstract

Today, more and more states and stakeholders are expanding their space activities, raising increasing concerns about space security within the international community. These concerns include the dual-use of space objects, advances in space technology, and the development and deployment of weapons in outer space. While discussions about space security have been ongoing since the inception of space activities, early discussions primarily focused on the use of nuclear weapons and the deployment of other weapons of mass destruction. However, the current security situation, marked by the weaponization of space and evolving conceptions of outer space, necessitates a thorough analysis of the existing international legal regime and its limitations. The complexity of the space security situation has escalated in recent years due to ongoing militarization, weaponization, and the increasing use of dual-use space-related technologies. Worrying examples of space weaponization include anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons, kinetic energy weapons, directed energy weapons such as lasers, and the use of electromagnetic pulses (EMP). Given these developments, it is imperative to review and analyze the relevant norms in light of the possibility of armed conflict in space. This study aims to examine the international legal norms related to military activities in space, focusing on pertinent treaties and recent normative developments, and to draw relevant implications. Even though the international law of armed conflict is well-structured, there seem to be ambiguous legal issues when applying it to space. This study highlights the limitations of the international legal system in addressing these issues.

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