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6세기 후반~7세기 초반 고구려와 돌궐의 交易과 국제관계

Trade and International Relations between Goguryeo and Göktürks in the Late 6th and Early 7th Centuries

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This article aims to understand East Asia’s dynamics and historical meaning by confirming the international relationship between Goguryeo and Göktürks through trade. The late 6th and early 7th centuries were a turning point when the existing order collapsed, and a new order was formed with the establishment of Sui Dynasty. In the process, Goguryeo, which had maintained its world as an axis of Northeast Asia along with Southern and Northern Dynasties and nomadic countries, also had to adapt to a new order. Goguryeo tried to overcome it through diplomatic diversification and active methods, such as attacking the Liaoxi region, and Göktürks would have been considered a new ally. The existence of sedentary countries was essential for the nomadic economy, but trade homeostasis was not always guaranteed in the case of border markets or relations with the Chinese Dynasty. As a result, it is possible that nomadic countries considered the existence of sedentary countries that could provide goods at a similar level to China and take a different path from the Chinese Dynasty regarding diplomatic direction. Furthermore, Goguryeo, an economic structure of agricultural and nomadic complexes and a significant force in Northeast Asia, would have been the only country that could be discussed as a trading partner of the Göktürks at a time when Sui Dynasty's Western Regions domination was beginning. Then, what was the purpose of trade and goods between the two countries? Goods transferred from Goguryeo to Göktürks include agricultural products, medicinal materials, salt, iron, and fabrics including silk. On the contrary, goods transferred from Göktürks to Goguryeo include livestock and animal products. However, it is presumed that there was a difference in importance in the goals pursued by the two countries in trade because the conflict between Goguryeo-Sui Dynasty was more acute than the conflict between Göktürks-Sui Dynasty in international relations at the time. While Göktürks focused on the acquisition of goods from sedentary countries that could not be obtained by unstable trade relations with the Chinese Dynasty, Goguryeo sought a friendly relationship by providing supplies to Göktürks, which would have been the primary goal of securing allies in the future conflict with Sui Dynasty. Because the one-on-one relationship with the Chinese Dynasty was at high risk, the countries around Sui Dynasty participated in the world order set by Sui Dynasty. However, they pursued a world of diversity, leaving the possibility of seceding for their interests at any time. Goguryeo was closely related to nomadic countries with borders throughout the whole period. In other words, it is necessary to consider the exchanges between the two from an active perspective, away from incidentally understanding the meeting between Goguryeo and the nomadic world. In this regard, it should be noted that the multi-layered international relationship between Goguryeo and Göktürks also shows the order of centrifugal force and practical force that sought independence from the power of the Chinese Dynasty.

Abstract

This article aims to understand East Asia’s dynamics and historical meaning by confirming the international relationship between Goguryeo and Göktürks through trade. The late 6th and early 7th centuries were a turning point when the existing order collapsed, and a new order was formed with the establishment of Sui Dynasty. In the process, Goguryeo, which had maintained its world as an axis of Northeast Asia along with Southern and Northern Dynasties and nomadic countries, also had to adapt to a new order. Goguryeo tried to overcome it through diplomatic diversification and active methods, such as attacking the Liaoxi region, and Göktürks would have been considered a new ally. The existence of sedentary countries was essential for the nomadic economy, but trade homeostasis was not always guaranteed in the case of border markets or relations with the Chinese Dynasty. As a result, it is possible that nomadic countries considered the existence of sedentary countries that could provide goods at a similar level to China and take a different path from the Chinese Dynasty regarding diplomatic direction. Furthermore, Goguryeo, an economic structure of agricultural and nomadic complexes and a significant force in Northeast Asia, would have been the only country that could be discussed as a trading partner of the Göktürks at a time when Sui Dynasty's Western Regions domination was beginning. Then, what was the purpose of trade and goods between the two countries? Goods transferred from Goguryeo to Göktürks include agricultural products, medicinal materials, salt, iron, and fabrics including silk. On the contrary, goods transferred from Göktürks to Goguryeo include livestock and animal products. However, it is presumed that there was a difference in importance in the goals pursued by the two countries in trade because the conflict between Goguryeo-Sui Dynasty was more acute than the conflict between Göktürks-Sui Dynasty in international relations at the time. While Göktürks focused on the acquisition of goods from sedentary countries that could not be obtained by unstable trade relations with the Chinese Dynasty, Goguryeo sought a friendly relationship by providing supplies to Göktürks, which would have been the primary goal of securing allies in the future conflict with Sui Dynasty. Because the one-on-one relationship with the Chinese Dynasty was at high risk, the countries around Sui Dynasty participated in the world order set by Sui Dynasty. However, they pursued a world of diversity, leaving the possibility of seceding for their interests at any time. Goguryeo was closely related to nomadic countries with borders throughout the whole period. In other words, it is necessary to consider the exchanges between the two from an active perspective, away from incidentally understanding the meeting between Goguryeo and the nomadic world. In this regard, it should be noted that the multi-layered international relationship between Goguryeo and Göktürks also shows the order of centrifugal force and practical force that sought independence from the power of the Chinese Dynasty.

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