근대국가의 형성, 민족주의, 그리고 고고학 - 그리스의 사례를 중심으로
Archaeology, Nationalism and the Formation of Modern States - with Focus on the Example of Greek Archaeology
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서양 근대 학문으로서의 고고학은 유럽 근대국가의 성장 및 민족주의의 확산과 밀접한 관련을 맺으며 성립되었다. 유럽 국가들에서 고고학이 현실정치와 연관되어 발전했음은 분명한 사실인데, 흥미롭게도그 관계맺음의 양상은 나라마다 다르다. 이에 본고에서는 오스만제국으로부터 해방된 이후 민족의 자존심을 회복하고 새롭게 근대국가의기틀을 마련해야 했던 그리스에서 고고학이 어떻게 국가형성에 관여했는지에 대해 검토하고 있다. 그러기 위해 근대국가, 민족주의, 그리고고고학의 상호 관계에 대해 논의하는 한편, 국가적 정체성의 확립이라 는 과제를 안고 있었던 그리스 고고학이 어떻게 성립되고 성장하였는지에 대해 구체적으로 살펴보았으며, 국가 정체성 확립과 관련해서 고고학적 유적의 복원 작업이 어떻게 이루어졌는지를 사례를 통해 살펴보았다. 또한 20세기에 들어와서 대외 전쟁과 정치적 격변에 따른 그리스 고고학의 대응과 마케도니아와 베르기나의 별(Star of Vergina)을 둘러싼 논쟁을 중심으로 그리스 고고학의 현 단계를 검토하였다. 그리스고고학의 형성 및 전개과정에 관한 이러한 논의는 궁극적으로는 한국고고학의 현재적 모습을 반성적으로 검토하는데 있어 유익할 것으로판단되는데, 현재 한국고고학에서는 한민족의 기원 문제, 고대 국가의성립과 영역화 과정 연구 등 다양한 연구분야에서 민족주의적 접근이시도되고 있다. 유럽과는 상이한 국가형성 과정과 수십 년간 지속된 남북분단의 현실을 감안하여 한국 고고학의 사회적 역할에 대해 평가해야겠지만, 이로 인해 발생된 부정적인 측면에 대한 비판적 성찰도 분명히 필요하다. 이런 측면에서 그리스 고고학의 사례는 유용한 반면교사가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.
Abstract
The establishment of archaeology as a modern western discipline occurred in close association with the development of the European nation states and the spread of nationalism. In particular, archaeology played a key role in the formation of national identity. The current paper considers the case of Greek archaeology, which faced the task of recovering national pride and laying down the foundations of a new modern nation upon liberation from the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Therefore, the issue of the relationship between the modern nation state, nationalism, and archaeology is first examined, followed by a detailed survey of the process by which Greek archaeology came to be established and how it subsequently developed. The relationship between the state, nationalism, and archaeology, however, is apt to be problematic, as is observed through the case study on the debate surrounding Macedonia and the Vergina Star. It is believed that the case studies and issues relevant to Greek archaeology addressed in this paper will also provide insights for the practice of archaeology in Korea and indeed East Asia.
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