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Textual Encounters’: The Sabians in Qur’aˉnic Exegesis

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Three verses of the Qur’ān (2:62; 5:69; 22:17) refer to the enigmatic religious community called the Sabians (al-ṣābi’ūn). Mentioned alongside the Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians, their identity has been a matter of disagreement for medieval Muslim authors and modern scholars alike. Muslim exegetes, when commenting on these verses, were obliged to discuss the Sabians too. This article explores the exegetes’ engagement with the Qur’ānic Sabians, focusing on the questions they addressed regarding them and the answers they offered. In the process, the article highlights various factors that shaped the discussion on the Sabians in Qur’ānic exegesis, including consideration of the literal meaning of the verses in question, the conventions of the tafsīr genre, uncertainty about the historical identity of the Sabians, but also the presence of historical communities who self-identified or were referred to as Sabians, and the implications of the ‘Sabian verses’ for the question of salvation for non-Muslims.

Abstract

Three verses of the Qur’ān (2:62; 5:69; 22:17) refer to the enigmatic religious community called the Sabians (al-ṣābi’ūn). Mentioned alongside the Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians, their identity has been a matter of disagreement for medieval Muslim authors and modern scholars alike. Muslim exegetes, when commenting on these verses, were obliged to discuss the Sabians too. This article explores the exegetes’ engagement with the Qur’ānic Sabians, focusing on the questions they addressed regarding them and the answers they offered. In the process, the article highlights various factors that shaped the discussion on the Sabians in Qur’ānic exegesis, including consideration of the literal meaning of the verses in question, the conventions of the tafsīr genre, uncertainty about the historical identity of the Sabians, but also the presence of historical communities who self-identified or were referred to as Sabians, and the implications of the ‘Sabian verses’ for the question of salvation for non-Muslims.

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