경상북도의 마을신앙의례 분포와 문화권역

Abstract

This study intends to understand the characteristics of Dongje (village ritual) of Gyeongsangbuk-do by examining the distribution of the rituals based on the names, the time, and the gods of the rituals, and by categorizing those characteristics. For doing this, the study analyzed the relevant data on the basis of the standard for the classification of topography that can have important influence on the determination of the natural geological background of Gyeongsangbuk-do. Through the analysis, it examined the distribution and categorized the characteristics by folk items that are same or similar. The geological boundaries for the characteristics of each cultural zone and the relevant areas were found as follows. The names of the rituals were expressed mostly as "Dongje (village ritual)." The eastern and the western part centering around the Taebaek Mountains (Uljin-gun, Youngyang-gun, Cheongsong-gun, Bonghwa-gun, and Andong) used various names including the name of Dongje. Almost every region performed the ritual on January 14 and 15 of the lunar calendar. However, the eastern part of the Taebaek Mountains, such as Uljin-gun, Youngdeok-gun, Pohang-si, Gyeongju-si, and the eastern part of Youngyang-gun, Cheongsong-gun, or Youngcheon-si held the ritual on March 3, May 5, or September 9 of the lunar calendar in addition to January 14 and 15. In terms of the distribution of the name of the god for the ritual, however, there was clear difference among the regions. Golmaegi Zone belongs to the area from the east coast to the eastern part and the end of the Taebaek Mountains, Uljin-gun, Youngdeok-gun, the eastern part of Cheongsong-gun/Youngyang-gun, Pohang-si, Gyeongju-si, and some areas of Youngcheon-si. Seonghwangryu Zone belongs to the areas from Mt. Taebaek to the Sobaek Mountains, to Mt. Sobaek, and then, to surroundings of Mt. Sokri. The western part of the Taebaek Mountains (east) and the upper stream of Nakdong River (south) are included. These areas are the northern part of Gyeongsangbuk-do influenced by the Sobaek Mountains and the Taebaek Mountains. Concretely, these areas mean Bonghwa-gun, Youngju-si, Mungyeong-si, the half top of Andong-si (the upper stream of Nakdong River), the western part of Youngyang-gun, and the northern part of Cheongsong-gun. Sansinryu Zone belongs to the eastern part of the mountainous areas (Mt. Hwanghak and Mt. Gaya connected to the south of Mt. Sobaek), the western part of the middle stream and the lower stream of Nakdong River, and the eastern part like Mungyeong-si, Sangju-si, Kimcheon-si, Seongju-gun, Goryeong-gun, Chilgok-gun of Gumi-si, and Dalseong-gun of Daegu-si. Dongshinryu Zone belongs to the areas adjacent to Nakdong River (north and west of Korea), the western part of the Taebaek Mountains (east), and the areas from Mt. Gaji of Gyeongju to Mt. Biseul of Cheongdo-gun (south). The current administrative districts are Andong-si, Euiseong-gun, Gunwi-gun, Gumi-si, Chilgok-gun, Gyeongsan-si, Cheongdo-gun, the whole area of Dalseong-gun of Daegu-si, the southern part of Youngju-si, Yecheon-gun, or Mungyeong-si, the western part of Youngyang-gun, Cheongsong-gun, or Youngcheon-si, and the eastern part of Sangju-si, Gimcheon-si, Seongju-gun, or Goryeong-gun. And the old Daegu-si and Ulleungdo are settled as separate zones. The old Daegu-si was the city where the residents of its surroundings often visited so there is a possibility that varous cultures can exit. And Ulleungdo seems to have unique marine cultures. This categorization is almost similar with the analysis results of "Dongje (Village Ritual) of Korea (Gyeongbuk Area)" published in 2004 after the investigation performed in 1964, except for Dongshinryu Zone. This difference seems to result from that the Dongshinryu zone, which has more fields than other areas, has rapidly gone through several changes, such as Saemaeul Movement, the inflow of the rural population to cities, and urbanization of farming villages. That is, the overall phenomena causing social changes have rapidly destroyed or transformed Dongje (village ritual). More profound researches of it need to be made in the future. The cultural zones which were categorized on the basis of the factors of Dongje (village ritual) of Gyeongsangbuk-do showed similarities with the standard for natural geological classifications proposed by geomorphology. In addition, it was found that overall folks were changed, according to social changes. This understanding will be significant in the aspect that it is an attempt to understand the characteristics of local cultures through the correlations between folks and local society. In addition, it will be helpful for understanding the correlations among folks, natural geology, and social cultures.