Motor Evoked Potentials of the Upper Extremities in Healthy Children
2
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Objective To evaluate and compare the organization of descending motor pathways to upper extremity muscles among healthy children. Method The healthy children were 16 males and 7 females aged 1-19 years (average, 9 years), and eight healthy adults were enrolled as the control group. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to bilateral motor cortices, and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded using surface electrodes from the first dorsal interossei (FDI), the biceps brachii (BIC), and the deltoid (DEL) muscles. The onset latency, central motor conduction time (CMCT), and amplitude were obtained during a relaxed state. Results MEPs of FDI were obtained from subjects aged 13 months. Th e frequency of obtaining MEPs in proximal and distal muscles increased with age, although there was a less frequent incidence of obtaining MEPs in the proximal BIC and DEL muscles compared with those in the distal FDI muscle. MEP amplitudes increased with age, whereas latencies were relatively constant. CMCTs showed a similar pattern of maturation, and adult values were obtained by 13-years-of-age. Conclusion These results suggest that the proximal and distal muscles of the upper extremities show different maturation and organization patterns.
Abstract
Objective To evaluate and compare the organization of descending motor pathways to upper extremity muscles among healthy children. Method The healthy children were 16 males and 7 females aged 1-19 years (average, 9 years), and eight healthy adults were enrolled as the control group. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to bilateral motor cortices, and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded using surface electrodes from the first dorsal interossei (FDI), the biceps brachii (BIC), and the deltoid (DEL) muscles. The onset latency, central motor conduction time (CMCT), and amplitude were obtained during a relaxed state. Results MEPs of FDI were obtained from subjects aged 13 months. Th e frequency of obtaining MEPs in proximal and distal muscles increased with age, although there was a less frequent incidence of obtaining MEPs in the proximal BIC and DEL muscles compared with those in the distal FDI muscle. MEP amplitudes increased with age, whereas latencies were relatively constant. CMCTs showed a similar pattern of maturation, and adult values were obtained by 13-years-of-age. Conclusion These results suggest that the proximal and distal muscles of the upper extremities show different maturation and organization patterns.
참고문헌 (22)
- Dominkus M, "Transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials as a prognostic indicator for motor recovery in stroke patients", J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 53, pp.745~748 (1990)
- Sohn YH, "Motor evoked potentials", Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 15, pp.117~131 (2004)
- Garvey MA, "Transcranial magnetic stimulation in children", Clin Neurophysiol, 119, pp.973~984 (2008)
- Lin KL, "Transcranial magnetic stimulation and its applications in children", Chang Gung Med J, 25, pp.424~436 (2002)
- Nezu A, "Magnetic stimulation of motor cortex in children: maturity of corticospinal pathway and problem of clinical application", Brain Dev, 19, pp.176~180 (1997)
- Nezu A, "Topographical diff erences in the developmental profile of central motor conduction time", Clin Neurophysiol, 110, pp.1646~1649 (1999)
- Curra A, "Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques in clinical investigation", Neurology, 59, pp.1851~1859 (2002)
- Agnew WF, "Considerations for safety in the use of extracranial stimulation for motor evoked potentials", Neurosurgery, 20, pp.143~147 (1987)
- Sgro JA, "Repetitive high magnetic fi eld stimulation: the eff ect upon rat brain", Electroencephlogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl, 43, pp.180~185 (1991)
- Counter SA, "Neurobiological eff ects of extensive transcranial electromagnetic stimulation in an animal model", Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 89, pp.341~348 (1993)
- Gilbert DL, "Should transcranial magnetic stimulation research in children be considered minimal risk?", Clin Neurophysiol, 15, pp.1730~1739 (2004)
- Kirton A, "Neurocardiogenic syncope complicating pedriatric transcranial magnetic stimulation", Pediatr Neurol, 39, pp.196~197 (2008)
- Müller K, "Ontogeny of ipsilateral corticospinal projections: a developmental study with transcranial magnetic stimulation", Ann Neurol, 42, pp.705~711 (1997)
- Koh TH, "Maturation of cotricospinal tracts assessed by electromagnetic stimulation of the motor cortex", Arch Dis Child, 63, pp.1347~1352 (1988)
- Wassermann EM, "Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996", Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 108, pp.1~16 (1998)
- Roick H, "On the origin of the postexcitatory inhibition seen after transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in awake human subjects", Exp Brain Res, 94, pp.489~498 (1993)
- Cantello R, "Magnetic brain stimulation. the silent period after motor evoked potential", Neurology, 42, pp.1951~1959 (1992)
- Garvey MA, "Cortical correlates of neuromotor development in healthy children", Clin Neurophysiol, 114, pp.1662~1670 (2003)
- Müller K, "Magnetic stimulation of motor cortex and nerve roots in children. Maturation of cortico-motoneuronal projections", Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 81, pp.63~70 (1991)
- Rothwell JC, "Motor cortex stimulation in intact man. 1. General characteristics of EMG responses in different muscles", Brain, 110, pp.1173~1190 (1987)
- Jung HY, "Recovery of proximal and distal arm weakness in the ipsilateral upper limb after stroke", NeuroRehabilitation, 17, pp.153~159 (2002)
- Frye RE, "Transcranial magnetic stimulation in child neurology: current and future directions", J Child Neurol, 23, pp.79~96 (2008)