Effects of poly-γ-glutamic acid on serum and brain concentrations of glutamate and GABA in diet-induced obese rats
2
조회
0
다운로드
7
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a mucilaginous and biodegradable compound produced by Bacillus subtilis from fermented soybeans, and is found in the traditional Korean soy product, cheongkukjang. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of γ-PGA from a food source on the concentration of the neurotransmitter GABA and its metabolic precursor glutamate in diet-induced obese rats. Eight-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=60) were used. The rats were divided into two groups and obesity was induced by providing either a 10% control fat or 45% high fat diet for 5 weeks. The rats were then blocked into 6 groups and supplemented with a 0.1% γ-PGA diet for 4 weeks. After sacrifice, brain and serum GABA and glutamate concentrations were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. The rats fed the high fat diet had significantly increased body weights. γ-PGA supplementation significantly increased serum concentrations of glutamate and GABA in the control fat diet groups while this effect was not found in the high fat groups. In the brain, glutamate concentrations were significantly higher in the γ-PGA supplemented groups both in rats fed the normal and high fat diets than in the no γ-PGA controls. GABA concentrations showed the same tendency. The results indicated that γ-PGA intake increased GABA concentrations in the serum and brain. However, the effects were not shown in obese rats.
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a mucilaginous and biodegradable compound produced by Bacillus subtilis from fermented soybeans, and is found in the traditional Korean soy product, cheongkukjang. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of γ-PGA from a food source on the concentration of the neurotransmitter GABA and its metabolic precursor glutamate in diet-induced obese rats. Eight-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=60) were used. The rats were divided into two groups and obesity was induced by providing either a 10% control fat or 45% high fat diet for 5 weeks. The rats were then blocked into 6 groups and supplemented with a 0.1% γ-PGA diet for 4 weeks. After sacrifice, brain and serum GABA and glutamate concentrations were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. The rats fed the high fat diet had significantly increased body weights. γ-PGA supplementation significantly increased serum concentrations of glutamate and GABA in the control fat diet groups while this effect was not found in the high fat groups. In the brain, glutamate concentrations were significantly higher in the γ-PGA supplemented groups both in rats fed the normal and high fat diets than in the no γ-PGA controls. GABA concentrations showed the same tendency. The results indicated that γ-PGA intake increased GABA concentrations in the serum and brain. However, the effects were not shown in obese rats.
참고문헌 (34)
- Meldrum BS, "Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology", J Nutr, 130, pp.1007S~1015S (2000)
- Hawkins RA, "The blood-brain barrier and glutamate", Am J Clin Nutr, 90, pp.867S~874S (2009)
- Wong CGT, "GABA, γ-hydroxybutric acid, and neurological disease", Ann Neurol, 53, pp.S3~S12 (2003)
- -aminobutyric acid, "Plant Physiol", 1997, 1~5
- Shelp BJ, "Metabolism and functions of gamma-aminobutyric acid", Trends Plant Sci, 4, pp.1360~1385 (1999)
- Petroff OAC, "GABA and glutamate in the human brain", Neuroscientist, 8, pp.562~573 (2002)
- Gavin JR, "Growth hormone receptors in isolated rat adipocytes", Endocrinology, 110, pp.637~643 (1982)
- Schneider HJ, "Night sleep EEG and daytime sleep propensity in adult hypopituitary patients with growth hormone deficiency before and after six months of growth hormone replacement", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, pp.29~37 (2005)
- 이화, "키토산을 처리한 발아현미의 기능성분 증대 및 비만에 미치는 영향", 한국식품영양과학회지, 37(8), pp.985~991 (2008), 한국식품영양과학회
- Oh SH, "Changes in some physic-chemical properties and γ-aminobutyric acid content of kimchi during fermentation and storage", Int J Food Sci Nutr, 13, pp.219~224 (2008)
- Ren J, "High-fat diet-induced obesity leads to resistance to leptin-induced cardiomyocyte contractile response", Obesity (Silver Spring), 16, pp.241~243 (2008)
- Schrauwen P, "The role of high-fat diets and physical activity in the regulation of body weight", Br J Nutr, 84, pp.417~427 (2000)
- Inoue K, "Blood-pressure-lowering effect of a novel fermented milk containing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mild hypertensives", Eur J Clin Nutr, 57, pp.490~495 (2003)
- Seong Eun Kang, "Distribution of poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) producers in Koreanfermented foods, Cheongkukjang, Doenjang, and Kochujang", Food Science and Biotechnology, 14(5), pp.704~708 (2005), 한국식품과학회
- 이민숙, "γ-PGA(Poly-γ-glutamic acid) 보충이 흰쥐의 칼슘 흡수율 및 골대사에 미치는 영향", 한국식품영양과학회지, 35(3), pp.255~261 (2006), 한국식품영양과학회
- Kim TW, "Oral administration of high molecular mass poly-γ-glutamate induces NK cell-mediated antitumor immunity", J Immunol, 179, pp.775~780 (2007)
- Relling DP, "High-fat-diet-induced juvenile obesity leads to cardiomyocyte dysfunction and upregulation of Foxo3a transcription factor independent of lipotoxicity and apoptosis", J Hypertens, 24, pp.549~561 (2006)
- Thakker GD, "Effects of diet-induced obesity on inflammation and remodeling after myocardial infarction", Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 291, pp.H2504~H2514 (2006)
- Levin BE, "Reduced glucoseinduced neuronal activation in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese rats", Brain Res, 808, pp.317~319 (1998)
- Landerberg L, "Obesity, metabolism and hypertension", Yale J Biol Med, 62, pp.511~519 (1989)
- 박영준, "우리나라 성인에서 수면 시간과 비만과의 관련성", 예방의학회지, 40(6), pp.454~460 (2007), 대한예방의학회
- Verona RD, "Overweight and obese patients in a primary care population report less sleep than patients with a normal body mass index", Arch Intern Med, 165, pp.25~30 (2005)
- Clarke G, "An isocratic high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of GABA and glutamate in discrete regions of the rodent brain", J Neurosci Methods, 160, pp.223~230 (2007)
- Vermeij TAC, "Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of pregabalin, gabapectin and vigabatrin in human serum by precolumn derivatization with o-phataldialdehyde and fluorescence detection", J Chromatogr, 810, pp.297~303 (2004)
- Tanimoto H, "Natto mucilage containing poly-γ-glutamic acid increases soluble calcium in the rat small intestine", Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 65, pp.516~521 (2001)
- Tcherkas YV, "Simultaneous determination of several amino acids, including homocysteine, cysteine and glutamic acid, in human plasma by isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection", J Chromatogr A, 913, pp.309~313 (2001)
- Terrlink T, "Plasma amino acids determined by liquid chromatography within 17 minutes", Clin Chem, 40, pp.245~249 (1994)
- Wang L, "Oral L-glutamine increases GABA levels in striatal tissue and extracellular fluid", FASEB J, 21, pp.1227~1232 (2007)
- 박장현, "기능성 GABA차의 고혈압 강하효과", 한국약용작물학회지, 10(1), pp.37~40 (2002), 한국약용작물학회
- Aoki H, "Effect of γ -aminobutyric acid-enriched tempeh-like fermented soybean (GABA-Tempeh) on the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats", Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 67, pp.1806~1808 (2003)
- Oh SH, "Effects and applications of germinated brown rice with enhanced levels of GABA", Food Science and Industry, 40, pp.41~46 (2007)
- Hayakawa K, "Mechanism underlying γ -aminobutyric acid-induced antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats", Eur J Pharmacol, 438, pp.104~113 (2002)
- Sasaki K, "Effects of bilobalide on γ-aminobutyric acid levels and glutamic acid decarboxylase in mouse brain", Eur J Pharmcol, 367, pp.165~173 (1999)
- Reeves PG, "AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Writing Committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet", J Nutr, 123, pp.1939~1951 (1993)