Blueberry, blackberry, and blackcurrant differentially affect plasma lipids and pro-inflammatory markers in diet-induced obesity mice
2
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Evidence indicates that berry anthocyanins are anti-atherogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. However, berries differ vastly in their anthocyanin composition and thus potentially in their biological and metabolic effects. The present study compared hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of blueberry (BB), blackberry (BK), and blackcurrant (BC) in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat (HF; 35% fat, w/w) control diet or a HF diet supplemented with freeze-dried 5% BB, 6.3% BK or 5.7% BC for 12 weeks (10 mice/group) to achieve the same total anthocyanin content in each diet. Plasma lipids, antioxidant status and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured. The expression of genes involved in antioxidant defense, inflammation, and lipid metabolism was determined in the liver, epididymal adipose tissue, proximal intestine, and skeletal muscle. Histological analysis was performed to identify crown-like structure (CLS) in epididymal fat pads to determine macrophage infiltration. RESULTS: No differences were noted between the control and any berry-fed groups in plasma levels of liver enzymes, insulin, glucose, ferric reducing antioxidant power, superoxide dismutase, and tumor necrosis factor α. However, BK significantly lowered plasma triglyceride compared with the HF control and other berries, whereas BC significantly reduced F4/80 mRNA and the number of CLS in the epididymal fat pad, indicative of less macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides evidence that BB, BK and BC with varying anthocyanin composition differentially affect plasma lipids and adipose macrophage infiltration in DIO mice, but with no differences in their antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory potential.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Evidence indicates that berry anthocyanins are anti-atherogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. However, berries differ vastly in their anthocyanin composition and thus potentially in their biological and metabolic effects. The present study compared hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of blueberry (BB), blackberry (BK), and blackcurrant (BC) in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat (HF; 35% fat, w/w) control diet or a HF diet supplemented with freeze-dried 5% BB, 6.3% BK or 5.7% BC for 12 weeks (10 mice/group) to achieve the same total anthocyanin content in each diet. Plasma lipids, antioxidant status and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured. The expression of genes involved in antioxidant defense, inflammation, and lipid metabolism was determined in the liver, epididymal adipose tissue, proximal intestine, and skeletal muscle. Histological analysis was performed to identify crown-like structure (CLS) in epididymal fat pads to determine macrophage infiltration. RESULTS: No differences were noted between the control and any berry-fed groups in plasma levels of liver enzymes, insulin, glucose, ferric reducing antioxidant power, superoxide dismutase, and tumor necrosis factor α. However, BK significantly lowered plasma triglyceride compared with the HF control and other berries, whereas BC significantly reduced F4/80 mRNA and the number of CLS in the epididymal fat pad, indicative of less macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides evidence that BB, BK and BC with varying anthocyanin composition differentially affect plasma lipids and adipose macrophage infiltration in DIO mice, but with no differences in their antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory potential.
참고문헌 (45)
- Poirier P, "Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition", Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation, 113, pp.898~918 (2006)
- Wang Z, "Inflammation, a link between obesity and cardiovascular disease", Mediators Inflamm, 2010, pp.535918~ (2010)
- Poirier P, "Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss", Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 26, pp.968~976 (2006)
- Mathieu P, "Visceral obesity: the link among inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease", Hypertension, 53, pp.577~584 (2009)
- Van Gaal LF, "Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease", Nature, 444, pp.875~880 (2006)
- Boeing H, "Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases", Eur J Nutr, 51, pp.637~663 (2012)
- Joshipura KJ, "The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease", Ann Intern Med, 134, pp.1106~1114 (2001)
- Holt EM, "Fruit and vegetable consumption and its relation to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adolescents", J Am Diet Assoc, 109, pp.414~421 (2009)
- Bazzano LA, "Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular disease", Curr Atheroscler Rep, 5, pp.492~499 (2003)
- Wu X, "Concentrations of anthocyanins in common foods in the United States and estimation of normal consumption", J Agric Food Chem, 54, pp.4069~4075 (2006)
- Zafra-Stone S, "Berry anthocyanins as novel antioxidants in human health and disease prevention", Mol Nutr Food Res, 51, pp.675~683 (2007)
- Prior RL, "Purified blueberry anthocyanins and blueberry juice alter development of obesity in mice fed an obesogenic high-fat diet", J Agric Food Chem, 58, pp.3970~3976 (2010)
- Riso P, "Effect of a wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) drink intervention on markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial function in humans with cardiovascular risk factors", Eur J Nutr, 52, pp.949~961 (2013)
- Serraino I, "Protective effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from blackberry extract against peroxynitrite-induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular failure", Life Sci, 73, pp.1097~1114 (2003)
- Gopalan A, "The health benefits of blackcurrants", Food Funct, 3, pp.795~809 (2012)
- He J, "Anthocyanins: natural colorants with healthpromoting properties", Annu Rev Food Sci Technol, 1, pp.163~187 (2010)
- Hyun-Joo Chang, "Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) of AntioxidativeAnthocyanidins and Their Glycosides", Food Science and Biotechnology, 17(3), pp.501~507 (2008), 한국식품과학회
- Hou DX, "Anthocyanidins inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 expression in LPS-evoked macrophages:structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanisms involved", Biochem Pharmacol, 70, pp.417~425 (2005)
- Giusti MM, "Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry", pp.F1.2.1~F1.2.13 (2001), John Wiley & Sons, Inc
- Wu X, "Systematic identification and characterization of anthocyanins by HPLC-ESI-MS", MS in common foods in the United States: fruits and berries, 2005, pp.53, 2589~2599
- Kim B, "Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry) polyphenol-rich extract improves antioxidant function and reduces total plasma cholesterol in apolipoprotein E knockout mice", Nutr Res, 33, pp.406~413 (2013)
- Yang Y, "Astaxanthin-rich extract from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis lowers plasma lipid concentrations and enhances antioxidant defense in apolipoprotein E knockout mice", J Nutr, 141, pp.1611~1617 (2011)
- Benzie IF, "The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay", Anal Biochem, 239, pp.70~76 (1996)
- Carr TP, "Enzymatic determination of triglyceride, free cholesterol, and total cholesterol in tissue lipid extracts", Clin Biochem, 26, pp.39~42 (1993)
- Kim B, "Polyphenol-rich black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) extract regulates the expression of genes critical for intestinal cholesterol flux in Caco-2 cells", J Nutr Biochem, 24, pp.1564~1570 (2013)
- Ku CS, "Edible blue-green algae reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting NF-kappaB pathway in macrophages and splenocytes", Biochim Biophys Acta, 1830, pp.2981~2988 (2013)
- Mailloux RJ, "Uncoupling proteins and the control of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production", Free Radic Biol Med, 51, pp.1106~1115 (2011)
- Lee SG, "Berry anthocyanins suppress the expression and secretion of proinflammatory mediators in macrophages by inhibiting nuclear translocation of NF-κB independent of NRF2-mediated mechanism", J Nutr Biochem, 25, pp.404~411 (2014)
- Crozier A, "Bioavailability of dietary flavonoids and phenolic compounds", Mol Aspects Med, 31, pp.446~467 (2010)
- Ferreira de Araujo PR, "Benefits of blackberry nectar (Rubus spp.) relative to hypercholesterolemia and lipid peroxidation", Nutr Hosp, 26, pp.984~990 (2011)
- Prior RL, "Purified berry anthocyanins but not whole berries normalize lipid parameters in mice fed an obesogenic high fat diet", Mol Nutr Food Res, 53, pp.1406~1418 (2009)
- Perseghin G., "Muscle lipid metabolism in the metabolic syndrome", Curr Opin Lipidol, 16, pp.416~420 (2005)
- Jia Y, "Cyanidin is an agonistic ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha reducing hepatic lipid", Biochim Biophys Acta, 1831, pp.698~708 (2012)
- Um MY, "Hypolipidaemic effects of cyanidin 3-glucoside rich extract from black rice through regulating hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities", J Sci Food Agric, 93, pp.3126~3128 (2013)
- Wei X, "Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside improves obesity and triglyceride metabolism in KK-Ay mice by regulating lipoprotein lipase activity", J Sci Food Agric, 91, pp.1006~1013 (2011)
- Vitaglione P, "Protocatechuic acid is the major human metabolite of cyanidin-glucosides", J Nutr, 137, pp.2043~2048 (2007)
- Lin CY, "Anticoagulatory, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative effects of protocatechuic acid in diabetic mice", J Agric Food Chem, 57, pp.6661~6667 (2009)
- Ohman MK, "Visceral adipose tissue inflammation accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice", Circulation, 117, pp.798~805 (2008)
- Gustafson B., "Adipose tissue, inflammation and atherosclerosis", J Atheroscler Thromb, 17, pp.332~341 (2010)
- Wajchenberg BL, "Adipose tissue at the crossroads in the development of the metabolic syndrome, inflammation and atherosclerosis", Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 53, pp.145~150 (2009)
- Coenen KR, "Diet-induced increases in adiposity, but not plasma lipids, promote macrophage infiltration into white adipose tissue", Diabetes, 56, pp.564~573 (2007)
- Weisberg SP, "Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue", J Clin Invest, 112, pp.1796~1808 (2003)
- Amano SU, "Local proliferation of macrophages contributes to obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation", Cell Metab, 19, pp.162~171 (2014)
- Zhu Y, "Anti-inflammatory effect of purified dietary anthocyanin in adults with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial", Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 23, pp.843~849 (2013)
- Prior RL, "Anthocyanins: structural characteristics that result in unique metabolic patterns and biological activities", Free Radic Res, 40, pp.1014~1028 (2006)