Energy intake and snack choice by the meal patterns of employed people
2
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The aim of this study was to provide descriptive information on meal and snack patterns and to investigate snacks in relation to energy intake and food choice according to the meal patterns of employed people in Korea. 683 employed people (292 males, 391 females) were interviewed to collect one day dietary data by using 24-h dietary recall. A recorded day was divided into 3 meal and 3 snack periods by the respondent’s criteria and the time of consumption. To analyze the eating pattern participants were divided as the more frequent snack eaters (MFSE) and the less frequent snack eaters (LFSE). They were also categorized into 6 groups according to the frequency of all eating occasions. The common meal pattern in nearly half of the subjects (47.6%) was composed of three meals plus one or two snacks per day. A trend of an increasing the number of snacks in between main meals emerges, although the conventional meal pattern is still retained in most employed Korean adults. Women, aged 30-39, and urban residents, had a higher number of being MFSE than LFSE. Increasing eating occasions was associated with higher energy, protein,and carbohydrate intakes, with the exception of fat intakes. 16.8% of the total daily energy intake came from snack consumption, while the 3 main meals contributed 83.2%. Energy and macronutrient intakes from snacks in the MFSE were significantly higher than the LFSE. Instant coffee was the most popular snack in the morning and afternoon, whereas heavy snacks and alcohol were more frequently consumed by both of the meal skipper groups (≤2M+2,3S and ≤2M+0,1S) in the evening. In conclusion, meal pattern is changing to reflect an increase of more snacks between the three main meals. Meal and snack patterns may be markers for the energy and macronutrient intakes of employed people in Korea.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide descriptive information on meal and snack patterns and to investigate snacks in relation to energy intake and food choice according to the meal patterns of employed people in Korea. 683 employed people (292 males, 391 females) were interviewed to collect one day dietary data by using 24-h dietary recall. A recorded day was divided into 3 meal and 3 snack periods by the respondent’s criteria and the time of consumption. To analyze the eating pattern participants were divided as the more frequent snack eaters (MFSE) and the less frequent snack eaters (LFSE). They were also categorized into 6 groups according to the frequency of all eating occasions. The common meal pattern in nearly half of the subjects (47.6%) was composed of three meals plus one or two snacks per day. A trend of an increasing the number of snacks in between main meals emerges, although the conventional meal pattern is still retained in most employed Korean adults. Women, aged 30-39, and urban residents, had a higher number of being MFSE than LFSE. Increasing eating occasions was associated with higher energy, protein,and carbohydrate intakes, with the exception of fat intakes. 16.8% of the total daily energy intake came from snack consumption, while the 3 main meals contributed 83.2%. Energy and macronutrient intakes from snacks in the MFSE were significantly higher than the LFSE. Instant coffee was the most popular snack in the morning and afternoon, whereas heavy snacks and alcohol were more frequently consumed by both of the meal skipper groups (≤2M+2,3S and ≤2M+0,1S) in the evening. In conclusion, meal pattern is changing to reflect an increase of more snacks between the three main meals. Meal and snack patterns may be markers for the energy and macronutrient intakes of employed people in Korea.
참고문헌 (31)
- Zizza C, "Significant increase in young adults' snacking between 1977-1978 and 1994-1996 represents a cause for concern!", Prev Med, 32, pp.303~310 (2001)
- Giskes K, "A multilevel study of socio-economic inequalities in food choice behaviour and dietary intake among the Dutch population: the GLOBE study", Public Health Nutr, 9, pp.75~83 (2006)
- Jabs J, "Time scarcity and food choices: An overview", Appetite, 47, pp.196~204 (2006)
- Wang Z, "Dynamic shifts in Chinese eating behaviors", Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 17, pp.123~130 (2008)
- Roos E, "Meal pattern and nutrient intake among adult Finns", Appetite, 29, pp.11~24 (1997)
- Wahlqvist ML, "Wattanapenpaiboon N. The significance of eating patterns: An elderly Greek case study", Appetite, 32, pp.23~32 (1999)
- Kerver JM, "Meal and snack patterns are associated with dietary intake of energy and nutrients in US adults", J Am Diet Assoc, 106, pp.46~53 (2006)
- De Graaf C, "Effects of snacks on energy intake: An evolutionary perspective", Appetite, 47, pp.18~23 (2006)
- Mazlan N, "Energy density and weight of food effect short-term caloric compensation in men", Physiol Behav, 87, pp.679~686 (2006)
- De Castro JM, "The time of day and the proportions of macronutrients eaten are related to total daily food intake", Br J Nutr, 98, pp.1077~1083 (2007)
- Berteus Forslund H, "Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men and women compared to a reference population", Int J Obes, 29, pp.711~719 (2005)
- Andersson J, "Meals and snacks among elderly self-managing and disabled women", Appetite, 41, pp.149~160 (2003)
- Summerbell CD, "Sources of energy from meals versus snacks in 220 people in four age groups", Eur J Clin Nutr, 49, pp.33~41 (1995)
- Zizza CA, "Benefits of snacking in older Americans", J Am Diet Assoc, 107, pp.800~806 (2007)
- Neuhouser ML, "Do consumers of savory snacks have poor-quality diets?", J Am Diet Assoc, 100, pp.576~579 (2000)
- 최미경, "서울시내 직장인의 식습관과 건강에 관한 연구", 한국식생활문화학회지, 18(1), pp.45~55 (2003), 한국식생활문화학회
- Berg C, "Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population", Appetite, 52, pp.21~26 (2009)
- Bellisle F, "Contribution of snacks and meals in the diet of French adults: a diet-diary study", Physiol Behav, 79, pp.183~189 (2003)
- Ovaskainen ML, "Snacks as an element of energy intake and food consumption", Eur J Clin Nutr, 60, pp.494~501 (2006)
- Basdevant A, "Snacking patterns in obese French women", Appetite, 21, pp.17~23 (1993)
- Berteus Forslund H, "Meal patterns and obesity in Swedish women- a simple instrument describing usual meal types, frequency and temporal distribution", Eur J Clin Nutr, 56, pp.740~747 (2002)
- Gatenby SJ, "Eating frequency: methodological and dietary aspects", Br J Nutr, 77, pp.7~20 (1997)
- Nicklas TA, "Nutrient contribution of breakfast, secular trends, and the role of ready- to-eat cereals: a review of data from the Bogalusa Heart Study", Am J Clin Nutr, 67, pp.757~763 (1998)
- Haveman-Nies A, "Snack patterns of older Europeans", J Am Diet Assoc, 98, pp.1297~1302 (1998)
- "The top of the sales-item was the “Coffeemix”"[URL]
- Dubois L, "Breakfast skipping is associated with differences in meal patterns, macronutrients intakes and overweight among pre-school children", Public Health Nutr, 12, pp.19~28 (2009)
- Bellisle F, "Eating patterns in French subjects studied by the “Weekly Food Diary” method", Appetite, 32, pp.46~52 (1999)
- De Castro JM, "The time of day of food intake influences overall intake in humans", J Nutr, 134, pp.104~111 (2004)
- Schlettwein-Gsell D, "Longitudinal changes in dietary habits and attitudes of elderly Europeans. SENECA investigators", Eur J Clin Nutr, 50, pp.56~66 (1996)
- Carlson O, "Impact of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction on glucose regulation in healthy, normal-weightmiddle-aged men and women", Metabolism, 56, pp.1729~1734 (2007)
- Sjoberg A, "Meal pattern, food choice, nutrient intake and lifestyle factors in the Göteborg Adolescence Study", Eur J Clin Nutr, 57, pp.1569~1578 (2003)