Magnesium intake and dietary sources among Koreans: findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019
2
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Magnesium is an essential nutrient for human health. However, inadequate intake is commonly reported worldwide. Along with reduced consumption of vegetables and fruits and increased consumption of refined or processed foods, inadequate magnesium intake is increasingly reported as a serious problem. This study aimed to assess magnesium intake, its dietary sources, and the adequacy of magnesium intake in Korean populations. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019 and included individuals aged ≥1 yr who had participated in a nutrition survey (n=28,418). Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall, and dietary magnesium intake was estimated using a newly established magnesium database. Diet adequacy was evaluated by comparing dietary intake with the estimated average requirement (EAR) suggested in the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. RESULTS: The mean dietary magnesium intake of Koreans aged ≥1 yr was 300.4 mg/d, which was equivalent to 119.8% of the EAR. The prevalence of individuals whose magnesium intake met the EAR was 56.8%. Inadequate intake was observed more in females, adolescents and young adults aged 12–29 yrs, elders aged ≥65 yrs, and individuals with low income. About four-fifths of the daily magnesium came from plant-based foods, and the major food groups contributing to magnesium intake were grains (28.3%), vegetables (17.6%), and meats (8.4%). The top 5 individual foods that contributed to magnesium intake were rice, Baechu (Korean cabbage) kimchi, tofu, pork, and milk. However, the contribution of plant foods and individual contributing food items differed slightly by sex and age groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the mean dietary magnesium intake among Koreans was above the recommended intake, whereas nearly one in 2 Koreans had inadequate magnesium intake. To better understand the status of magnesium intake, further research is required, which includes the intake of dietary supplements.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Magnesium is an essential nutrient for human health. However, inadequate intake is commonly reported worldwide. Along with reduced consumption of vegetables and fruits and increased consumption of refined or processed foods, inadequate magnesium intake is increasingly reported as a serious problem. This study aimed to assess magnesium intake, its dietary sources, and the adequacy of magnesium intake in Korean populations. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019 and included individuals aged ≥1 yr who had participated in a nutrition survey (n=28,418). Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall, and dietary magnesium intake was estimated using a newly established magnesium database. Diet adequacy was evaluated by comparing dietary intake with the estimated average requirement (EAR) suggested in the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. RESULTS: The mean dietary magnesium intake of Koreans aged ≥1 yr was 300.4 mg/d, which was equivalent to 119.8% of the EAR. The prevalence of individuals whose magnesium intake met the EAR was 56.8%. Inadequate intake was observed more in females, adolescents and young adults aged 12–29 yrs, elders aged ≥65 yrs, and individuals with low income. About four-fifths of the daily magnesium came from plant-based foods, and the major food groups contributing to magnesium intake were grains (28.3%), vegetables (17.6%), and meats (8.4%). The top 5 individual foods that contributed to magnesium intake were rice, Baechu (Korean cabbage) kimchi, tofu, pork, and milk. However, the contribution of plant foods and individual contributing food items differed slightly by sex and age groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the mean dietary magnesium intake among Koreans was above the recommended intake, whereas nearly one in 2 Koreans had inadequate magnesium intake. To better understand the status of magnesium intake, further research is required, which includes the intake of dietary supplements.
참고문헌 (44)
- Swaminathan R, "Magnesium metabolism and its disorders", Clin Biochem Rev, 24, pp.47~66 (2003)
- Han H, "Dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake, serum magnesium concentration and risk of hypertension : a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies", Nutr J, 16, pp.26~ (2017)
- Piuri G, "Magnesium in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes", Nutrients, 13, pp.320~ (2021)
- Bae YJ, "Analysis of magnesium contents in commonly consumed foods and evaluation of its daily intake in Korean independent-living subjects", Biol Trace Elem Res, 135, pp.182~199 (2010)
- Ford ES, "Dietary magnesium intake in a national sample of US adults", J Nutr, 133, pp.2879~2882 (2003)
- Verly Junior E, "Evolution of energy and nutrient intake in Brazil between 2008-2009 and 2017-2018", Rev Saude Publica, 55, pp.5s~ (2021)[DOI]
- Sung CJ, "Relationship among dietary intakes, blood levels, and urinary excretions of Ca, P, Mg and serum lipid levels in Korean rural adult men and women", J Korean Soc Food Nutr, 22, pp.709~715 (1993)
- Choi MK, "Relationship between dietary magnesium, manganese, and copper and metabolic syndrome risk in Korean adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2008)", Biol Trace Elem Res, 156, pp.56~66 (2013)
- Sanghui Kweon, "Trends in food and nutrient intake over 20 years: findings from the 1998-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey", Epidemiology and Health, 43, pp.1~9 (2021), 한국역학회[DOI]
- Dibaba DT, "Dietary magnesium intake and risk of metabolic syndrome : a meta-analysis", Diabet Med, 31, pp.1301~1309 (2014)
- Larsson SC, "Dietary magnesium intake and risk of stroke : a meta-analysis of prospective studies", Am J Clin Nutr, 95, pp.362~366 (2012)
- Ko HJ, "Dietary magnesium intake and risk of cancer : a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies", Nutr Cancer, 66, pp.915~923 (2014)
- Yary T, "Dietary intake of magnesium may modulate depression", Biol Trace Elem Res, 151, pp.324~329 (2013)
- Sun C, "Dietary magnesium intake and risk of depression", J Affect Disord, 246, pp.627~632 (2019)
- Fang X, "Dietary magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality : a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies", BMC Med, 14, pp.210~ (2016)
- Development of Database of Magnesium and Zinc for Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey’s Data Processing, "Korean Nutrition Society", Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, ~ (2022)
- Kweon S, "Data resource profile : the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES)", Int J Epidemiol, 43, pp.69~77 (2014)
- Shim Jee-Seon, "Dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin E among Koreans: findings of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019", Nutrition Research and Practice, 16(5), pp.616~627 (2022), 한국영양학회[DOI]
- Shim JS, "Association between ultra-processed food consumption and dietary intake and diet quality in Korean adults", J Acad Nutr Diet, 122, pp.583~594 (2022)
- Greenfield S, "Food Composition Data, Production, Management and Use", pp.2003, FAO
- "Compilation tool version 1.2.1 (FAO/INFOODS) and user guidelines" (2021)[URL]
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences(NAS), "Korean Food Composition Table (9.3 Version)", NAS, ~ (2021)
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "China Food Composition Tables" (2018), China CDC
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "China Food Composition Tables" (2019), China CDC
- "Standard tables of food composition in Japan" (2015)[URL]
- "FoodData Central" (2020)[URL]
- "Food nutrient database 2019" (2019)[URL]
- "Food nutrient database: AUSNUT 2011-13" (2020)[URL]
- Korean Nutrition Society, "Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2020" (2020), Ministry of Health and Welfare
- 2016–2018 Guidebook for Using the Data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, "Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ~ (2016)
- Lee MJ, "The unique aspects of the nutrition transition in South Korea : the retention of healthful elements in their traditional diet", Public Health Nutr, 5, pp.197~203 (2002)
- 연지영, "폐경 후 여성의 무기질 섭취량과 소변 중 배설량 및 골밀도에 관한 연구", 대한지역사회영양학회지, 16(5), pp.569~579 (2011), 대한지역사회영양학회
- Jackson SE, "Ethnic differences in magnesium intake in U.S. older adults: findings from NHANES 2005−2016", Nutrients, 10, pp.1901~ (2018)
- Wang JL, "Trends and nutritional status for magnesium in Taiwan from NAHSIT 1993 to 2008", Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 20, pp.266~274 (2011)
- "Health Japan 2021" (2022)[URL]
- Whitton C, "National Diet and Nutrition Survey : UK food consumption and nutrient intakes from the first year of the rolling programme and comparisons with previous surveys", Br J Nutr, 106, pp.1899~1914 (2011)
- Schiefermeier-Mach N, "Electrolyte intake and major food sources of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium among a population in western Austria", Nutrients, 12, pp.1956~ (2020)
- Liu J, "Trends in magnesium intake among Hispanic adults, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)1999-2014", Nutrients, 11, pp.2867~ (2019)
- Shim JS, "Socioeconomic characteristics and trends in the consumption of ultra-processed foods in Korea from 2010 to 2018", Nutrients, 13, pp.1120~ (2021)
- Fawcett WJ, "Magnesium : physiology and pharmacology", Br J Anaesth, 83, pp.302~320 (1999)
- 박은선, "한국에서 시판되는 즉석조리식품의 무기질 함량을 중심으로 한 영양평가", 동아시아식생활학회지, 29(6), pp.501~510 (2019), 동아시아식생활학회[DOI]
- Choi MK, "Daily Intake of magnesium and its relation to urinary excretion in Korean healthy adults consuming self-selected diets", Biol Trace Elem Res, 176, pp.105~113 (2017)
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, "Guidelines for Nutrition Survey: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey" (2015), Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Shim JS, "Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies", Epidemiol Health, 36, pp.e2014009~ (2014)