Strategies for Positive Engagement with North Korea
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Arguing against the view that “coercive measures” or “neglect approaches” work, this article suggests ways to utilize “positive engagement” as a cooperative measure for reducing threats and facilitating the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. Thus far, tactics for avoiding lethal confrontation on the Korean peninsula have been based heavily on coercion with a lack of genuine negotiation, and such measures are clearly unstable and conflict-prone. Instead, the positive engagement approach aims to achieve the peaceful transformation and social rehabilitation of North Korea. In order to prevent future conflict, the self-imposed isolation of North Korea and the antagonistic attitude of Pyongyang must be subverted through a judicious combination of aid and deterrence. North Korea must be encouraged to stop the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, with a strong emphasis on transparency. The most appropriate policy for effectively dealing with North Korea is a bold, open approach that combines positive engagement with a genuine willingness to negotiate, with the ultimate goal of preventing nuclear proliferation and other potentially dangerous situations. In this context, the “Nunn-Lugar” concept may be a viable option, allowing supervising states to enact control measures that are very difficult to reverse.
Abstract
Arguing against the view that “coercive measures” or “neglect approaches” work, this article suggests ways to utilize “positive engagement” as a cooperative measure for reducing threats and facilitating the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. Thus far, tactics for avoiding lethal confrontation on the Korean peninsula have been based heavily on coercion with a lack of genuine negotiation, and such measures are clearly unstable and conflict-prone. Instead, the positive engagement approach aims to achieve the peaceful transformation and social rehabilitation of North Korea. In order to prevent future conflict, the self-imposed isolation of North Korea and the antagonistic attitude of Pyongyang must be subverted through a judicious combination of aid and deterrence. North Korea must be encouraged to stop the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, with a strong emphasis on transparency. The most appropriate policy for effectively dealing with North Korea is a bold, open approach that combines positive engagement with a genuine willingness to negotiate, with the ultimate goal of preventing nuclear proliferation and other potentially dangerous situations. In this context, the “Nunn-Lugar” concept may be a viable option, allowing supervising states to enact control measures that are very difficult to reverse.
참고문헌 (49)
- Graham Allison, "North Korean Nuclear Challenge: Bush Administration Failure; China's Opportunity?", The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 18(3), pp.5~30 (2006), 한국국방연구원
- Babbage, Maria, "White Elephants: Why South Africa Gave Up the Bomb and the Implications for Nuclear Non-proliferation Policy", Journal of Public and International Affairs, 15, pp.1~20 (2004)
- Baldwin, David A., "The Power of Positive Sanctions", World Politics, 24(1), pp.19~38 (1971)
- Byman, Daniel, "Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea", International Security, 35(1), pp.44~74 (2010)
- Carter, Ashton B., "The Korean Nuclear Crisis: Preventing the Truly Dangerous Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction", Harvard Magazine, 106(1), pp.38~41 (2003)
- Cha, Victor D., "Hawk Engagement and Preventive Defense on the Korean Peninsula", International Security, 27(1), pp.40~78 (2002)
- Cheon, Seongwhun, "North Korea and the ROK-U.S. Security Alliance", Armed Forces and Society, 34(1), pp.5~28 (2007)
- Cho, Young Chul, "Collective Identity Formation on the Korean Peninsula: United States’ Different North Korea Policies, Kim Dae-Jung’s Sunshine Policy, and United States-South Korea-North Korea Relations", International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 10(1), pp.93~127 (2010)
- Cloud, David S., "Pentagon Studies Pre-Emptive Nuclear Strikes", New York Times. September 11, ~ (2005)
- Colin, Kahl, "When to Leave Iraq: Today, Tomorrow or Yesterday?", Foreign Affairs, 87(4), pp.151~157 (2008)
- Davies, J. E., "Constructive Engagement?: Chester Crocker and American Policy in South Africa, Namibia and Angola, 1981-8" (2007), James Currey
- Davis, James W. Jr., "Threats and Promises: the Pursuit of International Influence" (2000), Johns Hopkins University Press
- Evans, Peter, "Double-Edged Diplomacy" (1993), University of California Press
- Evera, Stephen Van, "Offense, Defense, and the Causes of Wars", International Security, 22(4), pp.5~43 (1998)
- Evera, Stephen Van, "Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict" (1999), Cornell University Press
- Fitzpatrick, Kathy R., "U.S. Public Diplomacy’s Neglected Domestic Mandate" (2010), Figueroa Press
- Gill, Bates, "Limited Engagement", Foreign Affairs, 78(4), pp.65~77 (1999)
- Grunau, Steven, "Negotiating Survival: The Problem of Commitment in U.S.-North Korean Relations", Journal of Public and International Affairs, 15, pp.99~120 (2004)
- Ha, Sang-Sik, "Revisiting the S. Korea’s Engagement Policy toward N. Korea under Kim Daejung and Roh Moohyun Administrations", IRI Review, 14(2), pp.31~61 (2009)
- Haggard, Stephan, "Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform" (2007), Columbia University Press
- "North Korean Nuclear for 20 Years: U.S. Made an Unreasonable Demand of" (2013)[URL]
- Hanlon, Michael O., "Stopping a North Korean Invasion: Why Defending South Korea Is Easier than the Pentagon Thinks", International Security, 22(4), pp.135~170 (1998)
- Hakjoon Kim, "Sunshine or Thunder? Tension between the Kim and Bush Administrations in Historical Perspective", Korea Observer, 34(1), pp.1~40 (2003), 한국학술연구원
- Kim, Keun-sik, "The Pressure of the World System and Response of North Korea as a Weak State", Literature in Practice, 83, pp.441~548 (2006)
- 김근식, "북한의 핵실험과 대북포용정책: 상관관계와 지속 필요성", 평화연구, 15(1), pp.5~21 (2007), 평화와 민주주의연구소
- 김태현, "Gathering Storm or Silver Lining Out of the Clouds? The North Korean Nuclear Issue and the Case for Coercive Diplomacy", Korea Observer, 41(3), pp.439~469 (2010), 한국학술연구원
- Kwak, Tae-Hwan, "The United States and the Korean Peninsula in the 21st Century" (2006), Ashgate
- Lee, Chung-Min, "Nuclear Sisyphus: The Myth of Denuclearizing North Korea", Australian Journal of International Affairs, 61(1), pp.15~22 (2007)
- Lee, Jong-Sok, "18 Months after Engagement Policy toward North Korea: Assessment and Challenges", National Strategy, 5(2), pp.50~62 (1999)
- Lee, Jung-hoon, "A Real Deal or a Political Masquerade? The North Korean Nuclear Question Revisited, In Towards Sustainable Economic and Security Relations in East Asia: U.S. and ROK Policy Options", pp.137~148 (2008), Korea Economic Institute
- Levin, Norman D., "Sunshine in Korea: The South Korean Debate over Policies toward North Korea" (2003), Rand Publishing
- Madden, David, "Can America and Her Allies Pay Kim Jong Il to Go Into Exile? Plan ‘C’: A New Option for North Korea", American Foreign Policy (2003)
- Martin, Lisa, "Credibility, Costs, and Institutions: Cooperation on Economic Sanctions", World Politics, 45(3), pp.406~432 (1993)
- Paik, Hak-soon, "Continuity or Change?: The New U.S. Policy toward North Korea", East Asian Review, 13(2), pp.23~38 (2001)
- Paik, Hak-soon, "The U.S.-North Korea Relation under the Obama Administration, 2009-2012" (2012), Sejong Institute
- 박건영, "북미관계의 전개와 전망, 그리고 한반도 평화와 안정을 위한 한국의 전략: 핵문제를 중심으로", 한국과 국제정치, 20(1), pp.63~90 (2004), 극동문제연구소
- Park, Kun Young, "Korea-U.S. Relations under the Kim Dae-jung and Bush Administrations: Focusing on North Korea Policies", Critical Review of History, 86, pp.140~168 (2009)
- Perkovich, George, "Bush’s Nuclear Revolution: A Regime Change in Nonproliferation", Foreign Affairs, 82(2), pp.2~8 (2003)
- Przystup, James J., "Anticipating Strategic Surprise on the Korean Peninsula", Strategic Forum, 190, pp.1~5 (2002)
- Rumsfeld, Donald H., "Transforming the Military", Foreign Affairs, 81(3), pp.20~32 (2002)
- Sigal, Leon V., "Bush Administration’s Policy toward North Korea", Paper presented at the international conference “The Bush Administration’s Policy toward North Korea” (2001)
- Sigal, Leon V., "North Korean Nuclear Brinkmanship, 1993-94 and 2002-03, In North Korea and the World: Explaining Pyongyang’s Foreign Policy", pp.35~60 (2005), Kyungnam University Press
- Snyder, Scott, "North Korea’s Nuclear and Missile Tests and Six-Party Talks: Where Do We Go from Here?", Testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and the Global Environment Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Trade, June 17, ~ (2009)
- Sperber, Daniel, "Relevance: Communications and Cognition" (1995), Blackwell
- "National Security Strategy" (2010)[URL]
- "National Strategy for Conterterrorism" (2011)[URL]
- "Seeking New Policy toward North Korea: From Engagement to Regime Change" (2011)[URL]
- Yoon, Young-Kwan, "The Sunshine Policy: A South Korean Perspective", Paper presented at the conference “Inter-Korean Relations: Past, Present, and Future,” organized by the CSIS and the Council of Foreign Relations (2002)
- 윤덕민, "Historical Origins of the North Korean Nuclear Issue: Examining 20 Years of Negotiation Records", Korea Journal, 45(4), pp.9~40 (2005), 유네스코한국위원회