Changes in Foreigners’ Settlement Space in Seoul, Korea, 1882 to 1910: Focusing on Chinese and Japanese Demographic Changes and Commercial Activities
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From 1882 to 1910, Seoul was a special foreigners’ concession called a mixed-residential quarter. During this period, external influences changed the landscape of the Korean capital. Hence, the changes in foreigners’ settlement space in Seoul are an important element in our understanding of power dynamics among the nations surrounding Korea. Chinese power reinforced its predominance over Seoul immediately after that city’s opening, but Japanese power gradually came to the forefront in the wake of the SinoJapanese War, with Japan eventually occupying most of southern Seoul after the RussoJapanese War. Between 1882 and 1910 more than 90 percent of foreign residents of Seoul were Chinese or Japanese. Therefore, it is possible to understand transitions in the foreigners’ settlement space through an evaluation of the activities of Chinese and Japanese merchants and changes to their respective spaces. Such an analysis shows that the Chinese space had a dot-type distribution without a specific direction, whereas the Japanese space had a radial-type expansion centered on the Japanese legation. Furthermore, it shows that parts of the Chinese space were replaced with an augmented Japanese space. Hence, this further suggests linkages between changes in the foreigners’ space and changes in political power, commercial activity, population, and lifestyles, painting a distinct picture of Seoul in the decades immediately following the open-port period in Korea.
Abstract
From 1882 to 1910, Seoul was a special foreigners’ concession called a mixed-residential quarter. During this period, external influences changed the landscape of the Korean capital. Hence, the changes in foreigners’ settlement space in Seoul are an important element in our understanding of power dynamics among the nations surrounding Korea. Chinese power reinforced its predominance over Seoul immediately after that city’s opening, but Japanese power gradually came to the forefront in the wake of the SinoJapanese War, with Japan eventually occupying most of southern Seoul after the RussoJapanese War. Between 1882 and 1910 more than 90 percent of foreign residents of Seoul were Chinese or Japanese. Therefore, it is possible to understand transitions in the foreigners’ settlement space through an evaluation of the activities of Chinese and Japanese merchants and changes to their respective spaces. Such an analysis shows that the Chinese space had a dot-type distribution without a specific direction, whereas the Japanese space had a radial-type expansion centered on the Japanese legation. Furthermore, it shows that parts of the Chinese space were replaced with an augmented Japanese space. Hence, this further suggests linkages between changes in the foreigners’ space and changes in political power, commercial activity, population, and lifestyles, painting a distinct picture of Seoul in the decades immediately following the open-port period in Korea.
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