Immunostimulatory Effects of the Fruits of Sambucus racemosa subsp. pendula via TLR4-mediated ROS/JNK and NF-κB Signaling in RAW264.7 Macrophages
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This study investigated the immunostimulatory effects of SRF in RAW264.7 macrophages. SRF enhanced NO production, iNOS expression, cytokine secretion (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and phagocytic activity without affecting cell viability. Mechanistically, SRF-induced macrophage activation was abrogated by a TLR4 inhibitor but not by a TLR2 inhibitor, indicating TLR4 dependence. Furthermore, JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways were activated by SRF in a TLR4-dependent manner, as shown by inhibitor studies and phosphorylation analysis. SRF also increased intracellular ROS levels via TLR4, and ROS inhibition suppressed SRF-induced JNK and NF-κB activation and subsequent NO production. These findings suggest that SRF activates macrophages through the TLR4-ROS-JNK/NF-κB axis.
Abstract
This study investigated the immunostimulatory effects of SRF in RAW264.7 macrophages. SRF enhanced NO production, iNOS expression, cytokine secretion (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and phagocytic activity without affecting cell viability. Mechanistically, SRF-induced macrophage activation was abrogated by a TLR4 inhibitor but not by a TLR2 inhibitor, indicating TLR4 dependence. Furthermore, JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways were activated by SRF in a TLR4-dependent manner, as shown by inhibitor studies and phosphorylation analysis. SRF also increased intracellular ROS levels via TLR4, and ROS inhibition suppressed SRF-induced JNK and NF-κB activation and subsequent NO production. These findings suggest that SRF activates macrophages through the TLR4-ROS-JNK/NF-κB axis.