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미완의 혁명 그리고 위태로운 삶: 이란 녹색운동과 튀니지 재스민혁명 그 후 10년

Unfinished Revolutions and Precarious Lives: Ten years after the Iranian Green Movement and the Tunisian Revolution

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초록

약 10년 전 이란과 튀니지에서는 대규모 시민저항운동이 발발했다. 2009년에는 대통령 선거 결과에 불복한 시민들의 이란 녹색운동이, 2010년에는 사회 불평등과 양극화, 실업난으로 촉발된 튀니지 재스민 혁명이 발발했다. 두 시민저항운동은 특정 이데올로기와 선동가 없이 실업난과 사회 부정의에 대한 시민들의 대규모 분노 표출이라는 특징을 보였다. 1980년대 신자유주의 정책 도입으로 높아진 양국 시민들의 정치참여 확대와 경제발전 기대는 부의 양극화 심화와 높은 실업률, 만연한 부패, 권위주의 정부의 지속적 탄압으로 무너졌다. 변화에 대한 희망과 현실 사이의 괴리로부터 점층된 상대적 박탈감은 대규모 시민불복종 운동을 이끌었다. 2009년 이란 녹색운동과 2010년 튀니지 재스민 혁명이 가지는 정치적, 사회적 의미 분석을 통해 본 연구는 신자유주의 정책도입과 시장경제가 중동에 어떤 변화를 불러왔으며 향후 어떤 사회적 변혁을 이루어낼지 예상하는 데 출발점이 되는 연구라는 데에서 의의를 지닌다.

Abstract

Two mass civil movements shaped Iran and Tunisia 10 years ago. In Iran, the political movement arose against a fraudulent presidential election in 2009. In Tunisia, Ben Ali’s authoritarian regime collapsed by the mass civil demonstration with the resentment on the high unemployment, corruption, and the lack of political freedom. According to Bayat, unlike the conventional revolution, those two civil movements occurred spontaneously without a certain ideology or ideologue. This article argues that the failure of Neo-Liberalism policy in 1980s led to the mass civil disobedience to the ante quo in Iran and Tunisia. There was the high expectation from the people that the Neo-Liberalism would enhance the level of political freedom and the economy. The elite cartel, however, monopolized the benefit of Neo-Liberalism policy and the authoritarian regimes strengthened the violent political apparatus rather than opening the political freedom. There has been rising of the economic polarization, the unemployment rate and deteriorating social injustice with the perpetual corruption in Iranian and Tunisian society. Drawing on the discrepancy between the high expectation on change and the harsh reality, the relative depression drove the mass political unrest. Those civil movements and their aftermath are significant markers for where Iran and Tunisia stand today. In this regard, this article draws the analysis on the development process of those movements and their aftermath in the context of Neo-Liberalism.

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