쿠르드 지배가문과 산간성채: 아르달란 가문의 전근대사 재편
Kurdish Principal Family and Mountainous Qal’e: Re-frame of the Ardalan Family’s Premodern History
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초록
이 연구는 아르달란 가문의 전근대사를 거점 산성 중심으로 재편하는 시도다. 자그로스와 타우루스산맥에서 살던 쿠르드인들은 지배권을 행사하는 혈족 가문으로 성장했으며, 정치와 군사의 거점이던 산간의 성채에서 다양한 무슬림 제국과 접촉하며 역사에 이름을 남겼다. 하지만 이런 가문들은 스스로 과시할 만한 연대기를 편찬하는 경우가 드물어서, 그들의 역사 대부분은 외부인들이 남긴 파편적 기록을 통해 이해할 수밖에 없다. 이에 연구자는 쿠르드 가문 중에 예외적으로 많은문헌기록이 전하는 아르달란 가문의 전근대 역사를 거점 산성의 확보, 활용, 포기를 중심으로 각각 지배세력의 구축, 유지, 상실기로 나누어 검토했다. 이를 위해, 13~15세기에 이 가문의 군주들이 세력을 확장하며 계곡과 언덕의 산성을 점령한순서와 배경을 살폈다. 그리고 16세기 오스만조와 사파비조의 치열한 경쟁 속에서 아르달란 군주들이 네 산성을 전략적으로 활용해 생존을 모색하던 방식과 의미를 확인했다. 또한, 17~19세기에 이 가문이 타의적으로 네 산성을 모두 포기한 이후 쇠락을 거듭하다가, 최종적으로 카자르조에 지배권을 상실하고 몰락한 과정을 살폈다. 이러한 포괄적 검토를 바탕으로전근대 쿠르드 지배가문들이 거대 제국들에 저항과 복속을 거듭한 역사적 단면을 확인해 보고자 했다.
Abstract
This study attempts to re-frame the premodern history of the Ardalan family, focusing on their mountainous fortresses (Qal’es). The Kurdish principal families in the Zagros and Taurus Mountains played a significant role in history, engaging with various Muslim empires from their fortified Qal’es which served as political and military centers. However, due to the families rarely compile their own chronicles, much of their premodern history can only be understood through fragmentary records left behind by outsiders. This research delves into the exceptionally rich literary sources of the Ardalan family among Kurdish principal families, delineating their history into three distinct phases: the establishment, maintenance, and loss of ruling power. It analyzes the strategic acquisition, utilization, and eventual abandonment of their Qal’es, especially focusing on the four Qal’es located in valleys (Palangan and Zalm) and hills (Hassanabad and Marivan) during the 13th to 15th centuries. Moreover, the study examines how Ardalan chieftains strategically employed the Qal’es to navigate the intense competition between the Ottomans and Safavids in the 16th century, elucidating their survival tactics and geopolitical significance. Additionally, it investigates the decline of the family, marked by the deliberate destruction of all four Qal’es between the 17th and 19th centuries, culminating in their eventual subjugation to the Khazar royal court. Through this comprehensive analysis, the study sheds light on the historical dynamics of resistance and submission of Kurdish principal families to premodern empires.
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