블랙리스트 시대
The Age of Blacklists
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이 글은 적폐청산의 주요주제로 떠오른 문화예술인 블랙리스트 문제를 다루었다. 국가가 예술진흥사업에서 예술인을 정치적 좌우로 구분하여 지원정책을 시행하는 것은 기본적으로 평등원칙에 반하고 국가의 중립성 내지 관용의 원칙에도 반한다. 이는 동시에 직업선택 및 직업활동의 자유도 침해하는 위헌적인 조치로서 형법상 범죄에 해당한다. 역사적으로 한국사회에서 정치적 좌우 구분에 따른 블랙리스트는 유사시에는 명단에 등재된 자의 자유와 생명에 대한 포괄적인 침해를 야기했다는 점에서 리스트의 존재는 그 자체로 시민자유에 대한 심각한 위협요소이다. 따라서 비상사태에서 국가안보를 이유로 구금당할 우려가 높은 체제위협세력에 대한 엄밀한 규정과 이들에 대한 인도주의적 처우 기준 확립이 필수적이다. 나아가 이 글은 미국과 독일의 블랙리스트 정책에서 널리 활용된 보안법제와 직업금지 법제를 개관하였다. 한마디로, 냉전 시대는 블랙리스트의 시대였다. 독일이 통일 이후에도 블랙리스트 관행을 지속시켰다는 점은 충격적이다. 이와 같은 자의적인 블랙리스트 정책을 철폐하기 위해서는 다원적이고 경합적인 민주정치가 재정착되어야 한다. 결론적으로 현재 진행중인 블랙리스트 청산작업이 시민자유를 위해 보안권력을 해체하고 재구성하고 그러한 권력에 대한 의회통제와 시민적 감시를 중층적으로 다시 설계하지 않는다면 결국 음험한 보안권력을 정상화시킬 것이다.
Abstract
This article deals with the questions of the blacklist of cultural artists as one of the central themes of the purge of the past. The blacklist runs basically against the principle of neutrality, tolerance or equal protection by the state in that the state excludes the critical artists from the financial support by way of the political blacklisting. At the same time, the blacklisting and screening is an unconstitutional discriminatory measure and criminal act that infringes the freedom of choice of professions and occupational activities. Historically, the blacklists based on political left-right distinctions in Korean society mean the serious threats to the civil liberties, seeing that they have caused a comprehensive destruction of freedom and lifes of the blacklisted in the public emergency. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a strict definition of security risks and humanitarian protection standards for the persons who are likely to be detained for national security reasons in the public emergency. Futhermore, this article focuses on national security laws, the radicals order or loyalty test widely used in the blacklisting process by the security powers of the USA and Germany. It is confirmed that the age of the Cold War was the age of blacklists. But it also points the revealing fact that such a blacklist has continued in Germany until recently. In order to make an end to the arbitrary blacklists, pluralistic democracy and agonistic politics should be surely revitalized. In conclusion, it expresses the concern that the current liquidation works of the blacklists will eventually normalize the hideous and criminal practices of the security power unless they are dismantled and reconstructed for the interest of civil liberties, and the congressional control and civilian surveillance over the powers is not multi-layeredly redesigned.
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