2021 대한부정맥학회 심방세동 전극도자 및 수술적 절제술 지침
2021 Korean Heart Rhythm Society Guidelines for Catheter or Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
2
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Rhythm control therapy is used in atrial fibrillation (AF) management to improve AF-related symptoms along with rate control. AF catheter ablation is effective in maintaining sinus rhythm and has an acceptable complication rate. Compared with antiarrhythmic drugs, AF catheter ablation is superior with respect to arrhythmia-free survival and improvement in the quality of life. Therefore, AF ablation is recommended for rhythm control after the failure of antiarrhythmic drugs and is sometimes considered a first-line therapy for AF patients. Radiofrequency and cryoballoon ablation show similar efficacy, with slightly different complication profiles. Surgery for AF is also an effective rhythm control therapy and should be considered in patients undergoing cardiac surgery or in those with failed catheter ablation. For patients undergoing AF catheter ablation, performing ablation under uninterrupted warfarin or non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant treatment is recommended for periprocedural stroke risk management. Here, we review existing data and discuss the general principles of AF catheter and surgical ablation in patients with AF.
Abstract
Rhythm control therapy is used in atrial fibrillation (AF) management to improve AF-related symptoms along with rate control. AF catheter ablation is effective in maintaining sinus rhythm and has an acceptable complication rate. Compared with antiarrhythmic drugs, AF catheter ablation is superior with respect to arrhythmia-free survival and improvement in the quality of life. Therefore, AF ablation is recommended for rhythm control after the failure of antiarrhythmic drugs and is sometimes considered a first-line therapy for AF patients. Radiofrequency and cryoballoon ablation show similar efficacy, with slightly different complication profiles. Surgery for AF is also an effective rhythm control therapy and should be considered in patients undergoing cardiac surgery or in those with failed catheter ablation. For patients undergoing AF catheter ablation, performing ablation under uninterrupted warfarin or non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant treatment is recommended for periprocedural stroke risk management. Here, we review existing data and discuss the general principles of AF catheter and surgical ablation in patients with AF.
참고문헌 (206)
- Calkins H, "2017HRS", EHRA, APHRS, pp.SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation : executive summary, Heart Rhythm[DOI]
- Nyong J, "Efficacy and safety of ablation for people with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation", Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11, pp.CD012088~ (2016)
- Jaïs P, "Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation : the A4 study", Circulation, 118, pp.2498~2505 (2008)
- Oral H, "Circumferential pulmonary-vein ablation for chronic atrial fibrillation", N Engl J Med, 354, pp.934~941 (2006)
- Mont L, "Catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic drug treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation: a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial (SARA study)", Eur Heart J, 35, pp.501~507 (2014)
- Wilber DJ, "Comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy and radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : a randomized controlled trial", JAMA, 303, pp.333~340 (2010)
- Morillo CA, "Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (RAAFT-2): a randomized trial", JAMA, 311, pp.692~700 (2014)
- Cosedis Nielsen J, "Radiofrequency ablation as initial therapy in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation", N Engl J Med, 367, pp.1587~1595 (2012)
- Blomström-Lundqvist C, "Effect of catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic medication on quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation : the CAPTAF randomized clinical trial", JAMA, 321, pp.1059~1068 (2019)
- Mark DB, "Effect of catheter ablation vs medical therapy on quality of life among patients with atrial fibrillation : the CABANA randomized clinical trial", JAMA, 321, pp.1275~1285 (2019)
- Packer DL, "Cryoballoon ablation of pulmonary veins for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: first results of the North American Arctic Front (STOP AF) pivotal trial", J Am Coll Cardiol, 61, pp.1713~1723 (2013)
- Ganesan AN, "Long-term outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation : a systematic review and meta-analysis", J Am Heart Assoc, 2, pp.e004549~ (2013)
- Di Biase L, "Ablation versus amiodarone for treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with congestive heart failure and an implanted device : results from the AATAC multicenter randomized trial", Circulation, 133, pp.1637~1644 (2016)
- Kuck KH, "Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation", N Engl J Med, 374, pp.2235~2245 (2016)
- Nielsen JC, "Long-term efficacy of catheter ablation as first-line therapy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : 5-year outcome in a randomised clinical trial", Heart, 103, pp.368~376 (2017)
- Hakalahti A, "Radiofrequency ablation vs. antiarrhythmic drug therapy as first line treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation : systematic review and meta-analysis", Europace, 17, pp.370~378 (2015)
- Packer DL, "Effect of catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic drug therapy on mortality, stroke, bleeding, and cardiac arrest among patients with atrial fibrillation : the CABANA randomized clinical trial", JAMA, 321, pp.1261~1274 (2019)
- Noseworthy PA, "Atrial fibrillation ablation in practice : assessing CABANA generalizability", Eur Heart J, 40, pp.1257~1264 (2019)
- Teh AW, "Electroanatomic remodeling of the left atrium in paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation patients without structural heart disease", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 23, pp.232~238 (2012)
- D'Ascenzo F, "Which are the most reliable predictors of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after transcatheter ablation? : a meta-analysis", Int J Cardiol, 167, pp.1984~1989 (2013)
- Berruezo A, "Pre-procedural predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation", Eur Heart J, 28, pp.836~841 (2007)
- Njoku A, "Left atrial volume predicts atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency ablation : a meta-analysis", Europace, 20, pp.33~42 (2018)
- Marrouche NF, "Association of atrial tissue fibrosis identified by delayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation : the DECAAF study", JAMA, 311, pp.498~506 (2014)
- Deng H, "Clinical scores for outcomes of rhythm control or arrhythmia progression in patients with atrial fibrillation : a systematic review", Clin Res Cardiol, 106, pp.813~823 (2017)
- Kosich F, "Clinical scores used for the prediction of negative events in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation", Clin Cardiol, 42, pp.320~329 (2019)
- Kornej J, "The APPLE score : a novel and simple score for the prediction of rhythm outcomes after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation", Clin Res Cardiol, 104, pp.871~876 (2015)
- Kornej J, "Prediction of electro-anatomical substrate and arrhythmia recurrences using APPLE, DR-FLASH and MB-LATER scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing catheter ablation", Sci Rep, 8, pp.12686~ (2018)
- Kosiuk J, "Prospective, multicenter validation of a clinical risk score for left atrial arrhythmogenic substrate based on voltage analysis : DR-FLASH score", Heart Rhythm, 12, pp.2207~2212 (2015)
- Mujović N, "Prediction of very late arrhythmia recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation : the MB-LATER clinical score", Sci Rep, 7, pp.40828~ (2017)
- Mesquita J, "Development and validation of a risk score for predicting atrial fibrillation recurrence after a first catheter ablation procedure-ATLAS score", Europace, 20, pp.f428~f435 (2018)
- Winkle RA, "Predicting atrial fibrillation ablation outcome : the CAAP-AF score", Heart Rhythm, 13, pp.2119~2125 (2016)
- Pathak RK, "Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation : the ARREST-AF cohort study", J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, pp.2222~2231 (2014)
- Trines SA, "Influence of risk factors in the ESC-EHRA EORP atrial fibrillation ablation long-term registry", Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 42, pp.1365~1373 (2019)
- Wong CX, "Obesity and the risk of incident, post-operative, and post-ablation atrial fibrillation : a meta-analysis of 626, 603 individuals in 51 studies", JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 1, pp.139~152 (2015)
- Santoro F, "Impact of uncontrolled hypertension on atrial fibrillation ablation outcome", JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 1, pp.164~173 (2015)
- Jongnarangsin K, "Body mass index, obstructive sleep apnea, and outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 19, pp.668~672 (2008)
- Patel D, "Safety and efficacy of pulmonary vein antral isolation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea : the impact of continuous positive airway pressure", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 3, pp.445~451 (2010)
- Matiello M, "Low efficacy of atrial fibrillation ablation in severe obstructive sleep apnoea patients", Europace, 12, pp.1084~1089 (2010)
- Chilukuri K, "A prospective study evaluating the role of obesity and obstructive sleep apnea for outcomes after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 21, pp.521~525 (2010)
- Naruse Y, "Concomitant obstructive sleep apnea increases the recurrence of atrial fibrillation following radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation : clinical impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy", Heart Rhythm, 10, pp.331~337 (2013)
- Li L, "Efficacy of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea with and without continuous positive airway pressure treatment : a meta-analysis of observational studies", Europace, 16, pp.1309~1314 (2014)
- Calkins H, "Treatment of atrial fibrillation with antiarrhythmic drugs or radiofrequency ablation : two systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 2, pp.349~361 (2009)
- Wokhlu A, "Long-term quality of life after ablation of atrial fibrillation the impact of recurrence, symptom relief, and placebo effect", J Am Coll Cardiol, 55, pp.2308~2316 (2010)
- Reddy VY, "Randomized, controlled trial of the safety and effectiveness of a contact force-sensing irrigated catheter for ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: results of the TactiCath Contact Force Ablation Catheter Study for Atrial Fibrillation (TOCCASTAR) study", Circulation, 132, pp.907~915 (2015)
- Kirchhof P, "Early rhythm-control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation", N Engl J Med, 383, pp.1305~1316 (2020)
- Marrouche NF, "Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure", N Engl J Med, 378, pp.417~427 (2018)
- Noseworthy PA, "Generalizability of the CASTLE-AF trial : catheter ablation for patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure in routine practice", Heart Rhythm, 17, pp.1057~1065 (2020)
- Kuck KH, "Catheter ablation versus best medical therapy in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure : the randomized AMICA trial", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 12, pp.e007731~ (2019)
- Packer DL, "Ablation versus drug therapy for atrial fibrillation in heart failure : results from the CABANA trial", Circulation, 143, pp.1377~1390 (2021)
- "A Randomized Ablation-based atrial Fibrillation rhythm control versus rate control Trial in patients with heart failure and high burden Atrial Fibrillation -RAFT-AF" (2021)[URL]
- Khan MN, "Pulmonary-vein isolation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure", N Engl J Med, 359, pp.1778~1785 (2008)
- MacDonald MR, "Radiofrequency ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with advanced heart failure and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction : a randomised controlled trial", Heart, 97, pp.740~747 (2011)
- Jones DG, "A randomized trial to assess catheter ablation versus rate control in the management of persistent atrial fibrillation in heart failure", J Am Coll Cardiol, 61, pp.1894~1903 (2013)
- Hunter RJ, "A randomized controlled trial of catheter ablation versus medical treatment of atrial fibrillation in heart failure (the CAMTAF trial)", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 7, pp.31~38 (2014)
- Al Halabi S, "Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in heart failure patients : a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 1, pp.200~209 (2015)
- Prabhu S, "Catheter ablation versus medical rate control in atrial fibrillation and systolic dysfunction : the CAMERA-MRI study", J Am Coll Cardiol, 70, pp.1949~1961 (2017)
- Elgendy AY, "Meta-analysis comparing catheter-guided ablation versus conventional medical therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction", Am J Cardiol, 122, pp.806~813 (2018)
- Ma Y, "Catheter ablation for treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure : a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 18, pp.165~ (2018)
- Khan SU, "The clinical benefits and mortality reduction associated with catheter ablation in subjects with atrial fibrillation : a systematic review and meta-analysis", JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 4, pp.626~635 (2018)
- Yang PS, "Catheter ablation improves mortality and other outcomes in real-world patients with atrial fibrillation", J Am Heart Assoc, 9, pp.e015740~ (2020)
- Martin CA, "Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of tachycardiomyopathy", Heart, 103, pp.1543~1552 (2017)
- Brembilla-Perrot B, "Predictors and prognostic significance of tachycardiomyopathy : insights from a cohort of 1269 patients undergoing atrial flutter ablation", Eur J Heart Fail, 18, pp.394~401 (2016)
- Dagres N, "Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. A systematic review and meta-analysis", J Card Fail, 17, pp.964~970 (2011)
- Prabhu S, "Regression of diffuse ventricular fibrosis following restoration of sinus rhythm with catheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation and systolic dysfunction : a substudy of the CAMERA MRI trial", JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 4, pp.999~1007 (2018)
- Stabile G, "Catheter ablation treatment in patients with drug-refractory atrial fibrillation:a prospective, multi-centre, randomized, controlled study (Catheter Ablation For The Cure Of Atrial Fibrillation Study)", Eur Heart J, 27, pp.216~221 (2006)
- Pappone C, "A randomized trial of circumferential pulmonary vein ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : the APAF Study", J Am Coll Cardiol, 48, pp.2340~2347 (2006)
- Wazni OM, "Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation : a randomized trial", JAMA, 293, pp.2634~2640 (2005)
- Lee JM, "The electrical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall in catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation", JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 5, pp.1253~1261 (2019)
- Pak HN, "Electrical posterior box isolation in persistent atrial fibrillation changed to paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : a multicenter, prospective, randomized study", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 13, pp.e008531~ (2020)
- Natale A, "Paroxysmal AF catheter ablation with a contact force sensing catheter : results of the prospective, multicenter SMART-AF trial", J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, pp.647~656 (2014)
- McLellan AJ, "A minimal or maximal ablation strategy to achieve pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a prospective multi-centre randomized controlled trial (the minimax study)", Eur Heart J, 36, pp.1812~1821 (2015)
- Verma A, "Approaches to catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation", N Engl J Med, 372, pp.1812~1822 (2015)
- Luik A, "Cryoballoon versus open irrigated radiofrequency ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : the prospective, randomized, controlled, noninferiority freezeAF study", Circulation, 132, pp.1311~1319 (2015)
- Dukkipati SR, "Pulmonary vein isolation using the visually guided laser balloon : a prospective, multicenter, and randomized comparison to standard radiofrequency ablation", J Am Coll Cardiol, 66, pp.1350~1360 (2015)
- Kuck KH, "Impact of complete versus incomplete circumferential lines around the pulmonary veins during catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation:results from the gap-atrial fibrillation-German atrial fibrillation competence network 1 trial", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 9, pp.e003337~ (2016)
- Nery PB, "Relationship between pulmonary vein reconnection and atrial fibrillation recurrence : a systematic review and meta-analysis", JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 2, pp.474~483 (2016)
- Bassiouny M, "Randomized study of persistent atrial fibrillation ablation : ablate in sinus rhythm versus ablate complex-fractionated atrial electrograms in atrial fibrillation", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 9, pp.e003596~ (2016)
- Nanthakumar K, "Resumption of electrical conduction in previously isolated pulmonary veins : rationale for a different strategy?", Circulation, 109, pp.1226~1229 (2004)
- Verma A, "Response of atrial fibrillation to pulmonary vein antrum isolation is directly related to resumption and delay of pulmonary vein conduction", Circulation, 112, pp.627~635 (2005)
- Ouyang F, "Recovered pulmonary vein conduction as a dominant factor for recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias after complete circular isolation of the pulmonary veins : lessons from double Lasso technique", Circulation, 111, pp.127~135 (2005)
- Cheema A, "Incidence and time course of early recovery of pulmonary vein conduction after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 18, pp.387~391 (2007)
- Pratola C, "Radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation : is the persistence of all intraprocedural targets necessary for long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm?", Circulation, 117, pp.136~143 (2008)
- Rajappan K, "Acute and chronic pulmonary vein reconnection after atrial fibrillation ablation : a prospective characterization of anatomical sites", Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 31, pp.1598~1605 (2008)
- Bänsch D, "Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation : wait or stop early after initial successful pulmonary vein isolation?", Europace, 15, pp.183~188 (2013)
- Nakamura K, "Optimal observation time after completion of circumferential pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation to prevent chronic pulmonary vein reconnections", Int J Cardiol, 168, pp.5300~5310 (2013)
- Neuzil P, "Electrical reconnection after pulmonary vein isolation is contingent on contact force during initial treatment : results from the EFFICAS I study", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 6, pp.327~333 (2013)
- Kim TH, "Pulmonary vein reconnection predicts good clinical outcome after second catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation", Europace, 19, pp.961~967 (2017)
- Bordignon S, "High rate of durable pulmonary vein isolation after second-generation cryoballoon ablation : analysis of repeat procedures", Europace, 17, pp.725~731 (2015)
- Ullah W, "Randomized trial comparing pulmonary vein isolation using the SmartTouch catheter with or without real-time contact force data", Heart Rhythm, 13, pp.1761~1767 (2016)
- Phlips T, "Improving procedural and one-year outcome after contact force-guided pulmonary vein isolation : the role of interlesion distance, ablation index, and contact force variability in the 'CLOSE'-protocol", Europace, 20, pp.f419~f427 (2018)
- Shah D, "Nonpulmonary vein foci : do they exist?", Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 26, pp.1631~1635 (2003)
- Nademanee K, "A new approach for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation : mapping of the electrophysiologic substrate", J Am Coll Cardiol, 43, pp.2044~2053 (2004)
- Haïssaguerre M, "Catheter ablation of long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation : clinical outcome and mechanisms of subsequent arrhythmias", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 16, pp.1138~1147 (2005)
- Haïssaguerre M, "Catheter ablation of long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation : critical structures for termination", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 16, pp.1125~1137 (2005)
- Atienza F, "Real-time dominant frequency mapping and ablation of dominant frequency sites in atrial fibrillation with left-to-right frequency gradients predicts long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm", Heart Rhythm, 6, pp.33~40 (2009)
- Stavrakis S, "The role of the autonomic ganglia in atrial fibrillation", JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 1, pp.1~13 (2015)
- Di Biase L, "Left atrial appendage isolation in patients with longstanding persistent AF undergoing catheter ablation : BELIEF trial", J Am Coll Cardiol, 68, pp.1929~1940 (2016)
- Gianni C, "Acute and early outcomes of focal impulse and rotor modulation(FIRM)-guided rotors-only ablation in patients with nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation", Heart Rhythm, 13, pp.830~835 (2016)
- Santangeli P, "Prevalence and distribution of focal triggers in persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation", Heart Rhythm, 13, pp.374~382 (2016)
- Katritsis DG, "Autonomic denervation added to pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : a randomized clinical trial", J Am Coll Cardiol, 62, pp.2318~2325 (2013)
- Arbelo E, "Benefit of left atrial roof linear ablation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : a prospective, randomized study", J Am Heart Assoc, 3, pp.e000877~ (2014)
- Da Costa A, "Remote-controlled magnetic pulmonary vein isolation combined with superior vena cava isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : a prospective randomized study", Arch Cardiovasc Dis, 108, pp.163~171 (2015)
- Wong KC, "No benefit of complex fractionated atrial electrogram ablation in addition to circumferential pulmonary vein ablation and linear ablation : benefit of complex ablation study", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 8, pp.1316~1324 (2015)
- Vogler J, "Pulmonary vein isolation versus defragmentation : the CHASE-AF clinical trial", J Am Coll Cardiol, 66, pp.2743~2752 (2015)
- Faustino M, "Stepwise ablation approach versus pulmonary vein isolation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : Randomized controlled trial", Heart Rhythm, 12, pp.1907~1915 (2015)
- Scott PA, "The impact of adjunctive complex fractionated atrial electrogram ablation and linear lesions on outcomes in persistent atrial fibrillation : a meta-analysis", Europace, 18, pp.359~367 (2016)
- Driessen AHG, "Ganglion plexus ablation in advanced atrial fibrillation : the AFACT study", J Am Coll Cardiol, 68, pp.1155~1165 (2016)
- Wynn GJ, "Biatrial linear ablation in sustained nonpermanent AF: results of the substrate modification with ablation and antiarrhythmic drugs in nonpermanent atrial fibrillation (SMAN-PAF) trial", Heart Rhythm, 13, pp.399~406 (2016)
- Zhang Z, "Linear ablation following pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation : a meta-analysis", Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 39, pp.623~630 (2016)
- Fink T, "Stand-alone pulmonary vein isolation versus pulmonary vein isolation with additional substrate modification as index ablation procedures in patients with persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: the randomized alster-lost-AF Trial (ablation at St. Georg Hospital for long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation)", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 10, pp.e005114~ (2017)
- Kim TH, "Does additional electrogram-guided ablation after linear ablation reduce recurrence after catheter ablation for longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation? A prospective randomized study", J Am Heart Assoc, 6, pp.e004811~ (2017)
- Lee KN, "Long-term clinical comparison of procedural end points after pulmonary vein isolation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : elimination of nonpulmonary vein triggers versus noninducibility", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 11, pp.e005019~ (2018)
- Kircher S, "Individually tailored vs. standardized substrate modification during radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation : a randomized study", Europace, 20, pp.1766~1775 (2018)
- Ammar-Busch S, "Ablation of complex fractionated electrograms with or without ADditional LINEar lesions for persistent atrial fibrillation (The ADLINE Trial)", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 28, pp.636~641 (2017)
- Blandino A, "Left atrial substrate modification targeting low-voltage areas for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 40, pp.199~212 (2017)
- Yang B, "STABLE-SR (electrophysiological substrate ablation in the left atrium during sinus rhythm) for the treatment of nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation: a prospective, multicenter randomized clinical trial", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 10, pp.e005405~ (2017)
- Yu HT, "Pulmonary vein isolation alone versus additional linear ablation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation converted to paroxysmal type with antiarrhythmic drug therapy : a multicenter, prospective, randomized study", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 10, pp.e004915~ (2017)
- Wang YL, "Optimal endpoint for catheter ablation of longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation : a randomized clinical trial", Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 41, pp.172~178 (2018)
- Pérez FJ, "Long-term outcomes after catheter ablation of cavo-tricuspid isthmus dependent atrial flutter : a meta-analysis", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 2, pp.393~401 (2009)
- Natale A, "Prospective randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic therapy versus first-line radiofrequency ablation in patients with atrial flutter", J Am Coll Cardiol, 35, pp.1898~1904 (2000)
- Wazni O, "Randomized study comparing combined pulmonary vein-left atrial junction disconnection and cavotricuspid isthmus ablation versus pulmonary vein-left atrial junction disconnection alone in patients presenting with typical atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation", Circulation, 108, pp.2479~2483 (2003)
- Neumann T, "MEDAFI-Trial (micro-embolization during ablation of atrial fibrillation):comparison of pulmonary vein isolation using cryoballoon technique vs. radiofrequency energy", Europace, 13, pp.37~44 (2011)
- Herrera Siklódy C, "Incidence of asymptomatic intracranial embolic events after pulmonary vein isolation : comparison of different atrial fibrillation ablation technologies in a multicenter study", J Am Coll Cardiol, 58, pp.681~688 (2011)
- Schmidt M, "Cryoballoon versus RF ablation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : results from the German Ablation Registry", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 25, pp.1~7 (2014)
- Pérez-Castellano N, "The COR trial : a randomized study with continuous rhythm monitoring to compare the efficacy of cryoenergy and radiofrequency for pulmonary vein isolation", Heart Rhythm, 11, pp.8~14 (2014)
- Hunter RJ, "Point-by-point radiofrequency ablation versus the cryoballoon or a novel combined approach: a randomized trial comparing 3 methods of pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (The Cryo Versus RF Trial)", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 26, pp.1307~1314 (2015)
- Squara F, "Comparison between radiofrequency with contact force-sensing and second-generation cryoballoon for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: a multicentre European evaluation", Europace, 17, pp.718~724 (2015)
- Straube F, "First-line catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : outcome of radiofrequency vs. cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation", Europace, 18, pp.368~375 (2016)
- Schmidt M, "German ablation registry : cryoballoon vs. radiofrequency ablation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation--one-year outcome data", Heart Rhythm, 13, pp.836~844 (2016)
- Kuck KH, "Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : reintervention, rehospitalization, and quality-of-life outcomes in the FIRE AND ICE trial", Eur Heart J, 37, pp.2858~2865 (2016)
- Buist TJ, "Arrhythmia-free survival and pulmonary vein reconnection patterns after second-generation cryoballoon and contact-force radiofrequency pulmonary vein isolation", Clin Res Cardiol, 107, pp.498~506 (2018)
- Mörtsell D, "Cryoballoon vs. radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation: a study of outcome and safety based on the ESC-EHRA atrial fibrillation ablation long-term registry and the Swedish catheter ablation registry", Europace, 21, pp.581~589 (2019)
- Akkaya E, "Ice or fire? Comparison of second-generation cryoballoon ablation and radiofrequency ablation in patients with symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation and an enlarged left atrium", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 29, pp.375~384 (2018)
- Murray MI, "Cryoballoon versus radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", Clin Res Cardiol, 107, pp.658~669 (2018)
- Buiatti A, "Cryoballoon vs. radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : an updated meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies", Europace, 19, pp.378~384 (2017)
- Kabunga P, "Meta-analysis of contemporary atrial fibrillation ablation strategies : irrigated radiofrequency versus duty-cycled phased radiofrequency versus cryoballoon ablation", JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 2, pp.377~390 (2016)
- Bollmann A, "Cardiac tamponade in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: German-wide analysis of 21 141 procedures in the Helios atrial fibrillation ablation registry (SAFER)", Europace, 20, pp.1944~1951 (2018)
- Arbelo E, "Contemporary management of patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation: in-hospital and 1-year follow-up findings from the ESC-EHRA atrial fibrillation ablation long-term registry", Eur Heart J, 38, pp.1303~1316 (2017)
- Steinbeck G, "Incidence of complications related to catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter : a nationwide in-hospital analysis of administrative data for Germany in 2014", Eur Heart J, 39, pp.4020~4029 (2018)
- Deshmukh A, "In-hospital complications associated with catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in the United States between 2000 and 2010 : analysis of 93801 procedures", Circulation, 128, pp.2104~2112 (2013)
- Tripathi B, "Temporal trends of in-hospital complications associated with catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in the United States: an update from Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2011-2014)", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 29, pp.715~724 (2018)
- Gaita F, "Very long-term outcome following transcatheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Are results maintained after 10 years of follow up?", Europace, 20, pp.443~450 (2018)
- Ouyang F, "Long-term results of catheter ablation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : lessons from a 5-year follow-up", Circulation, 122, pp.2368~2377 (2010)
- Weerasooriya R, "Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation : are results maintained at 5 years of follow-up?", J Am Coll Cardiol, 57, pp.160~166 (2011)
- Siontis KC, "Radiofrequency ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy for atrial fibrillation : meta-analysis of quality of life, morbidity, and mortality", JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 2, pp.170~180 (2016)
- Kim YG, "Radiofrequency catheter ablation improves the quality of life measured with a short form-36 questionnaire in atrial fibrillation patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", PLoS One, 11, pp.e0163755~ (2016)
- Walfridsson H, "Radiofrequency ablation as initial therapy in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : results on health-related quality of life and symptom burden. The MANTRA-PAF trial", Europace, 17, pp.215~221 (2015)
- Wong CX, "Pericardial fat is associated with atrial fibrillation severity and ablation outcome", J Am Coll Cardiol, 57, pp.1745~1751 (2011)
- Kang JH, "Prediction of long-term outcomes of catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation by parameters of preablation DC cardioversion", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 23, pp.1165~1170 (2012)
- Mahajan R, "Electrophysiological, electroanatomical, and structural remodeling of the atria as consequences of sustained obesity", J Am Coll Cardiol, 66, pp.1~11 (2015)
- Chang SL, "Comparison of outcome in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with versus without the metabolic syndrome", Am J Cardiol, 103, pp.67~72 (2009)
- Mohanty S, "Impact of metabolic syndrome on procedural outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing catheter ablation", J Am Coll Cardiol, 59, pp.1295~1301 (2012)
- Cappato R, "Updated worldwide survey on the methods, efficacy, and safety of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 3, pp.32~38 (2010)
- Nakahara S, "Epicardial adipose tissue-based defragmentation approach to persistent atrial fibrillation: its impact on complex fractionated electrograms and ablation outcome", Heart Rhythm, 11, pp.1343~1351 (2014)
- Masuda M, "Abundant epicardial adipose tissue surrounding the left atrium predicts early rather than late recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation", J Interv Card Electrophysiol, 44, pp.31~37 (2015)
- Blanche C, "Value of P-wave signal averaging to predict atrial fibrillation recurrences after pulmonary vein isolation", Europace, 15, pp.198~204 (2013)
- Cox JL, "The development of the Maze procedure for the treatment of atrial fibrillation", Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 12, pp.2~14 (2000)
- Melby SJ, "A new era in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation : the impact of ablation technology and lesion set on procedural efficacy", Ann Surg, 244, pp.583~592 (2006)
- Badhwar V, "The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2017 clinical practice guidelines for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation", Ann Thorac Surg, 103, pp.329~341 (2017)
- Belley-Cote EP, "Perspective and practice of surgical atrial fibrillation ablation : an international survey of cardiac surgeons", Europace, 21, pp.445~450 (2019)
- Berger WR, "Persistent atrial fibrillation : a systematic review and meta-analysis of invasive strategies", Int J Cardiol, 278, pp.137~143 (2019)
- Barnett SD, "Surgical ablation as treatment for the elimination of atrial fibrillation : a meta-analysis", J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 131, pp.1029~1035 (2006)
- McClure GR, "Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation : a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", Europace, 20, pp.1442~1450 (2018)
- Osmancik P, "Five-year outcomes in cardiac surgery patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing concomitant surgical ablation versus no ablation. The long-term follow-up of the PRAGUE-12 Study", Heart Rhythm, 16, pp.1334~1340 (2019)
- Gillinov AM, "Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation during mitral-valve surgery", N Engl J Med, 372, pp.1399~1409 (2015)
- Sharples L, "Amaze: a double-blind, multicentre randomised controlled trial to investigate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of adding an ablation device-based maze procedure as an adjunct to routine cardiac surgery for patients with pre-existing atrial fibrillation", Health Technol Assess, 22, pp.1~132 (2018)
- Bagge L, "Quality of life is not improved after mitral valve surgery combined with epicardial left atrial cryoablation as compared with mitral valve surgery alone: a substudy of the double blind randomized SWEDish Multicentre Atrial Fibrillation study (SWEDMAF)", Europace, 20, pp.f343~f350 (2018)
- Suwalski P, "Surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation during isolated coronary artery bypass surgery", Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 57, pp.691~700 (2020)
- Gillinov AM, "Surgery for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the setting of mitral valve disease : a role for pulmonary vein isolation?", Ann Thorac Surg, 81, pp.19~28 (2006)
- Basu S, "How effective is bipolar radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation during concomitant cardiac surgery?", Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 15, pp.741~748 (2012)
- Chao TF, "Age threshold for the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation : insights into the optimal assessment of age and incident comorbidities", Eur Heart J, 40, pp.1504~1514 (2019)
- Beukema WP, "Predictive factors of sustained sinus rhythm and recurrent atrial fibrillation after a radiofrequency modified Maze procedure", Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 34, pp.771~775 (2008)
- Lee SH, "The influence of age on atrial fibrillation recurrence after the maze procedure in patients with giant left atrium", J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 141, pp.1015~1019 (2011)
- Damiano RJ Jr, "The Cox maze IV procedure : predictors of late recurrence", J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 141, pp.113~121 (2011)
- Sunderland N, "What size of left atrium significantly impairs the success of maze surgery for atrial fibrillation?", Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 13, pp.332~338 (2011)
- Bakker RC, "Results of clinical application of the modified maze procedure as concomitant surgery", Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 16, pp.151~156 (2013)
- Ad N, "Prediction of sinus rhythm in patients undergoing concomitant Cox maze procedure through a median sternotomy", J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 148, pp.881~887 (2014)
- Blomström-Lundqvist C, "A randomized double-blind study of epicardial left atrial cryoablation for permanent atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery: the SWEDish Multicentre Atrial Fibrillation study (SWEDMAF)", Eur Heart J, 28, pp.2902~2908 (2007)
- Huffman MD, "Concomitant atrial fibrillation surgery for people undergoing cardiac surgery", JAMA Cardiol, 2, pp.334~335 (2017)
- Budera P, "Comparison of cardiac surgery with left atrial surgical ablation vs. cardiac surgery without atrial ablation in patients with coronary and", or valvular heart disease plus atrial fibrillation: final results of the PRAGUE-12 randomized multicentre study, 2012, pp.33, 2644~2652
- Wang JG, "Ablation in selective patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation : medium-term results of the Dallas lesion set", Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 46, pp.213~220 (2014)
- Badhwar V, "Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation in the United States : trends and propensity matched outcomes", Ann Thorac Surg, 104, pp.493~500 (2017)
- Joshibayev S, "Early and long-term outcomes and quality of life after concomitant mitral valve surgery, left atrial size reduction, and radiofrequency surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation", Anatol J Cardiol, 16, pp.797~803 (2016)
- Driessen AHG, "Quality of life improves after thoracoscopic surgical ablation of advanced atrial fibrillation: results of the Atrial Fibrillation Ablation and Autonomic Modulation via Thoracoscopic Surgery (AFACT) study", J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 155, pp.972~980 (2018)
- Castellá M, "Thoracoscopic vs. catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation : long-term follow-up of the FAST randomized trial", Europace, 21, pp.746~753 (2019)
- Osmancik P, "Improvement in the quality of life of patients with persistent or long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation after hybrid ablation", J Interv Card Electrophysiol, 57, pp.435~442 (2020)
- Kim HJ, "Epicardial thoracoscopic ablation versus endocardial catheter ablation for management of atrial fibrillation : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 22, pp.729~737 (2016)
- van Laar C, "Thoracoscopic left atrial appendage clipping : a multicenter cohort analysis", JACC Clin Electrophysiol, 4, pp.893~901 (2018)
- Gammie JS, "Atrial fibrillation correction surgery : lessons from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Cardiac Database", Ann Thorac Surg, 85, pp.909~914 (2008)
- Calkins H, "2012 HRS", EHRA, Europace, pp.2012, 14[DOI]
- van der Heijden CAJ, "Hybrid versus catheter ablation in patients with persistent and longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation : a systematic review and meta-analysis†", Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 56, pp.433~443 (2019)
- Velagic V, "Repeat procedures after hybrid thoracoscopic ablation in the setting of longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation : electrophysiological findings and 2-year clinical outcome", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 27, pp.41~50 (2016)
- Osmancik P, "Electrophysiological findings after surgical thoracoscopic atrial fibrillation ablation", Heart Rhythm, 13, pp.1246~1252 (2016)
- Cardoso R, "An updated meta-analysis of novel oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists for uninterrupted anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation catheter ablation", Heart Rhythm, 15, pp.107~115 (2018)
- Calkins H, "Uninterrupted dabigatran versus warfarin for ablation in atrial fibrillation", N Engl J Med, 376, pp.1627~1636 (2017)
- Cappato R, "Uninterrupted rivaroxaban vs. uninterrupted vitamin K antagonists for catheter ablation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation", Eur Heart J, 36, pp.1805~1811 (2015)
- Kirchhof P, "Apixaban in patients at risk of stroke undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation", Eur Heart J, 39, pp.2942~2955 (2018)
- Hohnloser SH, "Uninterrupted edoxaban vs. vitamin K antagonists for ablation of atrial fibrillation : the ELIMINATE-AF trial", Eur Heart J, 40, pp.3013~3021 (2019)
- Ezekowitz MD, "Apixaban compared to heparin", vitamin K antagonist in patients with atrial fibrillation scheduled for cardioversion : the EMANATE trial, 2018, pp.39, 2959~2971
- Bhargava M, "Impact of type of atrial fibrillation and repeat catheter ablation on long-term freedom from atrial fibrillation : results from a multicenter study", Heart Rhythm, 6, pp.1403~1412 (2009)
- Winkle RA, "Long-term results of atrial fibrillation ablation : the importance of all initial ablation failures undergoing a repeat ablation", Am Heart J, 162, pp.193~200 (2011)
- Hocini M, "Reverse remodeling of sinus node function after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with prolonged sinus pauses", Circulation, 108, pp.1172~1175 (2003)
- Wang H, "A prospective randomized trial of the cut-and-sew Maze procedure in patients undergoing surgery for rheumatic mitral valve disease", J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 155, pp.608~617 (2018)
- Lawrance CP, "A minimally invasive Cox maze IV procedure is as effective as sternotomy while decreasing major morbidity and hospital stay", J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 148, pp.955~962 (2014)
- Weimar T, "The Cox-maze procedure for lone atrial fibrillation : a single-center experience over 2 decades", Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 5, pp.8~14 (2012)
- Nuotio I, "Time to cardioversion for acute atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic complications", JAMA, 312, pp.647~649 (2014)
