율법주의, 언약적 율법주의, 은혜언약 - ‘바울의 새 관점들’의 신학적 소재(所在)?
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‘바울에 대한 새 관점들’은 바울을 1세기 팔레스타인 유대주의에 대한 사회학적 맥락에서 읽어야 한다고 주장을 한다. 곧 루터파 또는 개혁파의 종교개혁 신학들이 바울을 읽어왔던 것은 성경을 바르게 해석하는 것이 아니라는 것이다. 그런 의미에서 이 ‘새 관점들’이라 불린다. ‘새 관점들’은 서로 다소간의 차이를 가지고 있음에도 불구하고, 이들 모두는 팔레스타인 유대주의가 종교개혁신학이 전제하였던 ‘율법주의 종교’가 아니라는 이해를 가지고 있다. 그런 의미에서 그것들은 하나의 통일된 범주로 묶을 수 있는 신학적 구조 또는 패러다임을 갖는다. 샌더스(E. P. Sanders)는 팔레스타인 유대주의가 ‘율법주의(legalism) 종교’이기는 고사하고 하나님의 은혜의 구원을 내포하는 소위 ‘언약적 율법주의’(covenantal nomism)로 이해를 하여야 한다고 주장을 한다. 던(James D. G. Dunn)과 라이트(N. T. Wright)는 이러한 주장을 수용하여 팔레스타인 유대주의를 넘어 신약의 복음의 해석에 있어서도 ‘언약적 율법주의’의 틀을 배경으로 삼으며, 그 결과들을 복음의 바른 해석으로 삼는다. 개혁신학의 관점에서 볼 때, ‘언약적 율법주의’는 개혁신학이 복음을 이해하는 구조적 틀인 은혜언약과 다르며, 그러한 만큼 ‘언약적 율법주의’는 성경적 의미에서의 ‘은혜의 종교’가 아니고, 신학 특성상 신인동력적(synergistic) 세미펠라기우스주의에 해당한다. 따라서 ‘바울에 대한 새 관점들’은 교리사적 관점에서 볼 때 완전히 새로운 견해는 아니다. ‘새 관점들’의 신학적 소재는 넓은 의미에서의 율법주의에 위치하며, 신학체계론적으로 중세 후기의 유명론 또는 ‘반 종교개혁 신학’(counter-Reformation theology)의 그것과 상당한 구조적 유사성을 갖는다. 그리스도 안에 있는 은혜언약을 말하는 개혁신학의 관점에서의 신학적 평가만을 내린다면 언약적 율법주의와 ’새 관점‘의 신학적 주장들은 교리사적으로 이미 검토된 중세 후기의 옛 관점과 크게 다르지 않다. 그것은 넓은 의미에서 ’율법주의‘인 것이다.
Abstract
'New perspectives on Paul' argues that Paul needs to be read in a sociological context of the first century Palestine Judaism. This leads to the another argument that Lutheran or Reformed reading of Paul is not acceptable exegetically. For this reasons, 'new perspective on Paul' is named to be 'new'. Although 'new perspectives' are not univocal in their 'newness', they all have the common ground that Palestine Judaism is not a religion of legalism. In this sense, 'new perspectives' can hold one theological structure or paradigm that can be categorized in a unified system. E. P. Sanders argues that Palestine Judaism ought to be understood as a religion of 'covenantal nomism' in which salvation is asserted to be only based on the grace of God, let alone 'legalistic religion'. On the basis of Sanders' thesis, James D. G. Dunn and N. T. Wright furthermore argue for reading 'covenantal nomism' into the Paulin gospel of the New Testament. In their judgment, otherwise it would result in the misunderstanding of Paul. 'Covenantal nomism' is essentially different in theological structure than the gospel of a reformed theology. 'Covenantal nomism' cannot be taken as a monergistic religion of grace in a biblical sense, but as a mere synergistic semi-Pelagianism. The theological locus of 'new perspectives' is located in synergism such as semi-Pelgaism, and reveals a structurally similarity to late medieval nominalism or counter-Reformation theology in the 17th century. From the Reformed view point of the grace covenant in Christ, theological assumption of 'new perspectives' such as 'covenantal nomism' is a mere version of the old perspective of late medieval nominalism, which is to be rightly assessed in a legalism in a broad sense which includes in it synergism.
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