"한국장로교회의 성령론 비교연구" (A Comparative Study on Pneumatology of Korean Presbyterian Church)
(A Comparative Study on Pneumatology of Korean Presbyterian Church)
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한국장로교회의 각 교단들은 교단이 분열된 이후에, 각기 자유롭게 새로운 신학 사조를 선택하여 나름대로의 특색을 이루어 갔다. 물론, 초기에는 모두 칼빈신학에서 출발하였으나 지금은 서로 상당히 거리가 먼 길을 택하게 되었다. 이것은 비단 '성령론' 뿐만 아니라 '삼위일체론'이나 '기독론'에서도 존 칼빈보다는 오히려 칼 바르트나 루돌프 불트만과 폴 틸리히, 그리고 윌겐 몰트만를 비롯한 현대주의 신학자들의 신학 사조를 더 좋아하는 경향으로 나가게 되었다. 바로 포용적 통전주의 신학의 입장에 서 있는 장로회신학대학교의 학자들에게서도 진행되고 있다는 사실을 부인하지 못할 것이다. 물론, 학문의 자유와 신학적 입장을 선택하는 것은 각자의 자유의사에 따라서 선택하는 것이지만 그러나 버젓이 장로교회의 간판 아래 전혀 다른 신학의 입장을 따라가는 것은 분명히 본질을 이탈한 탈선행위라고 판단된다. 특히, 기독교장로회의 '민중신학'은 급기야 전 이화여자대학교의 정현경과 같은 '무당종교가'를 배출하여, 영계를 어지럽히게 되었고, 결국 한국교회가 종교다원주의로 나가게 되었다. 이제, 우리 한국장로교회는 칼빈목사님을 추억하면서, 복음의 올바른 나팔수로서의 사명을 다하지 못한 불충함을 하나님과 한국교회와 한국사회 앞에 머리 숙여 참회하고, 진정으로 겸허하게 회개해야 할 것이다. 우리는 이와 같이 무속종교의 '쓴 뿌리' 사상이 나오게 된 것과 일본제국시대에 "우리가 일본 신사를 참배하자."고 총회적으로 가결한 죄를 하나님과 한국교회 앞에 철저하게 통회하고 회개해야 한다. 그리고 아직도 장로교회 안에서, "성령세례"를 "제2 축복"이라고 주장하는 신학사조가 있다는 사실을 깊이 반성해야 한다. 그러나 "영적은사론"에 있어서는 장로교회도 더 깊이 연구하고 개진해야 할 문제라고 생각된다. 이러한 측면에서, 소위 보수장로교회 안에도 아직 정립되지 못한 채, 혼란을 거듭하고 있는 은사에 대한 무지를 지적하고 싶다. 부디, 한국장로교회가 "성령으로 시작하였다가 마지막에 육체로 마치는 결과"(갈3:3)가 되지 않기를 소망하면서, 논문을 정리하려고 한다.
Abstract
So far we have seen that the Korean Presbyterian Church's denominations have each selected new trends of theology and formed unique colors. They all started off with Calvinistic theology naturally, but now they have all drifted off quite a distance away. It cannot be denied that not merely 'Pneumatology' but even in 'Trinitarianism' or 'Christology' many denominations have shown the tendency to prefer Karl Barth, Rudolf Bultmann, Paul Tillich and Jṻrgen Moltmann than John Calvin. Here I cannot but identify that the freedom of knowledge and choice of theological trend according to one's free will is inevitable but still feel slightly worried that following such different theology under the title Presbyterianism might be an act of deviation that breaks off from the essence. Especially, the 'Minjung Theology' of Kichang denomination have ultimately given birth to the Shaman Religioner like Prof. Chung Hyun-Kyung of Ewha Woman's University who have put the Spiritual world into disorder. Chung Hyun-Kyung, when called among Conservative theological circles by the names 'Witch Theologian' and 'Shaman Theologian', have impudently replied that 'the word Shaman to me is the greatest of compliments' and added, 'I dream of a feminist liberation campaign that is as enthusiastic as a Shaman.' As we theologians of Korean Presbyterian Church celebrates the Quincentenary of Calvin's birth, must bow our heads in penitence neglecting our duties as upright trumpeters of the Gospel, and repent in humble sincerity. I too, as a professor of theology, repent of not having enough ferver in teaching, and of the sins of the Korean Church in revealing it's bitter roots in the Shaman religion, and the sins of our ancestors who approved through a general assembly of Shintoism Worship during the Japanese Empire. Tonghap Sect in the Korean Presbyterian Church (Presbyterian College and Theological Seminary) divided from the Koryu Presbyterian denomination (Kosin University) because of worship by most other denominations to Japanese Shintoism in 1959. Shintoism means the worship of the Japanese emperor. Tonghap has a number of theologians, two of whom Dr Rhee Jong-Sung and Dr Hyun Johan have written on the Holy Spirit, Pneumatology and many articles. The Holy Spirit in Christian Theology by George S Hendry of USA and The Doctrine of The Holy Spirit by Hendrikus Berkhof of the Netherlands were translated by Dr Hwang Seung-Yong, President of Ho-Nam Theological University in Kwang-Ju city. Although its theology belongs to Barth's theology, this Tonghap denomination is officially Trinitarian. The Westminster Confession of Faith which it holds as its subordinate standard of faith has been revised in important ways. Kichang (Han Shin University) Sect (Presbyterian Church in ROK) divided from the Tonghap Sect in 1953, because it wanted to accept the documentary hypothesis concerning the Pentateuch suggested by Dr Kim Jae-Joon. Although Tonghap later accepted this documentary hypothesis, in 1953 it opposed the introduction of the theory by Kichang. This denomination also has many theologians who belongs to radical theology like Professor Suh Nam-Dong (1918-1984), Dr Suh Kwang-Sun, Dr Ahn Byung-Mu and Dr Chung Hyun-Kyung spoke about 'Han-pu-ri' at the Assembly of the WCC (Canberra, Australia, 7th-20th February 1991). This, however, was not pneumatology but Shamanism. Professor Chung Hyun-Kyung founded Women's Theology in Korea. There are many articles like those of Dr Joo Jae-Yong from Han Shin University which are a historical critique of the Revival Movement in the Korean Church. Many books on the history of the Korean Church referring to the Holy Spirit were also written by scholar of Kichang Sect. It is the Liberal Presbyterian Theological University in Ohsan. Hapdong (Chong Shin University) Sect has Dr Suh Chul-Won, Professor Chah Young-Bae and Dr Kwon Sung-Soo who wrote books and articles on the Holy Spirit. But this Sect divided from the Tonghap Sect in 1959 because Tonghap Sect joined WCC. Christian and Holy Spirit written by Dr Max M B Turner was translated by Dr Lee Han-Soo, while Perspectives on Pentecost written by Dr Richard B Gaffin was translated by Dr Kwon Sung-Soo in 1983. Furthermore Dr Lee Han-Soo has written lots of articles while Dr Kim Jung Woo wrote an article, 'New Creation, New Covenant and the Promise of the Holy Spirit in Ezechiel 36:22-32'. Koryu (Kosin University) Sect divided from the Hapdong Sect in 1963. Professor Ann Young-Bok wrote A Right Understanding of The Work of The Holy Spirit in 1987 and followed the position of Professor Chah Young-Bae. Professor N H Gootjes (Koh Je-Soo) from the Netherlands criticized the view of Professor Ann Young-Bok, and there was controversy concerning the uniqueness of the revival at Pentecost at Kosin university, Pusan. The debate still continues, In The Baptism from the Holy Spirit, (a book of 66 pages written in 1987), Professor N H Gootjes, now residing in Canada, debates against Professor Ann Young-Bok and followed the position of Professor Abraham Kuyper. Dr Chung Won-Tae wrote on the work of the Holy Spirit in his book, Fervent Calvinism, in 1984 and followed Martyn Lloyd-Jones as well as John Stott. He also translated "Joy Unspeakable" Written by Martyn Lloyd-Jones into Korean. Sadly, After his death in 1994, it published the title of The Baptism of the Holy Spirit, in 1986. At that time, two books written or translated by him were strongly criticized by Professor Suh Chul-won at Reformed Theological Seminary. But Professor Suh Chul-Won moved to Chong Shin University a few years later. And Professor Bong Geun Cho of Kwang Shin University also written three Books on the Holy Spirit (Calvinistic Pneumatology, 1985 and What are the Problems concerning the Holy Spirit?, 1991, Dogmatic Theology & Discussion concerning the Holy Spirit, 2010). Dr Bong Geun Cho Consider also the revival teaching of Martyn Lloyd-Johns with the doctrine of Richard Gaffin, but criticizes the Pentecostal/Charismatic Movement. There are four Presbyterian Theological University within this Sect including the Kwang Shin University. Hapdong Shin University have many Conservative Evangelical Scholars, eg. Professor Park Yun-Sun(1950-1988), Kim Myung-Hyuk, Park Hyung-Yong, Kim Young-Jae and Yu Young-Ki who have written articles on the Holy Spirit which will be dealt with later. But they differ in a three-fold way on the Work of the Holy Spirit. Some scholars followed the position of Abraham Kuyper, but other scholars followed the teaching of Martyn Lloyd-Jones.
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