하나님의 작정과 인간의 자유에 대한 개혁 스콜라주의의 이해: 새뮤얼 윌러드(Samuel Willard, 1640-1707)의 하나님 속성 교리를 중심으로
Reformed Scholastic View of the Divine Decree and Human Freedom: Samuel Willard's Understanding of the Divine Attributes and Its Implications
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하나님의 작정에 대한 개혁주의의 견해는 역사적으로 예수회, 항변파, 소시니우스주의자 등에 의해 운명론이나 스토아주의 결정론과 같은 강한 결정론으로 잘못 이해되었고, 이러한 오해는 오늘날에도 지속되고 있다. 개혁파 정통주의(Reformed Orthodoxy)의 한 사례로서, 새뮤얼 윌러드(Samel Wilalrd, 1640-1707)는 후기 종교개혁 신학 또는 개신교/개혁 스콜라주의가 뉴잉글랜드에서 어떻게 전개되고 발전되었는지를 잘 보여준다. 자유선택(free choice) 혹은 자유의지(free will)의 문제에 있어서도 윌러드의 신학과 실제 당시의 신학논쟁을 살펴보면, 윌러드는 오랜 기독교 전통과 종교개혁 및 개혁 스콜라주의 신학의 입장을 따라 하나님의 절대적 작정이나 섭리가 인간의 자유를 부정하지 않음을 주장한다. 본고에서는 이 이슈에 대해 윌러드가 어떻게 개혁주의 입장을 변호하는지 살펴보기 위해, 윌러드의 『신학총론』 (A Compleat Body of Divnity)의 내용을 중심으로, 하나님의 속성들, 특히 하나님의 지식, 의지, 그리고 능력이 영원 가운데 어떤 관계에 있고, 어떻게 하나님의 작정에도 불구하고 제2원인들의 자유나 우연성이 가능한지 살펴본다. 무엇보다 윌러드는 다양한 스콜라 용어와 구분들을 통해 하나님과 인간 사이의 절대적, 인과론적 차이에 근거하여, 시간 속에서 이루어지는 피조물의 모든 자유로운 선택과 우연적 사건이 하나님의 영원한 작정과 부딪히지 않는다고 주장한다. 왜냐하면 영원 속의 완전하고 전능한 존재의 지식과 의지는 시간적 존재의 임의적인 선택과 우연적 행위들을 모두 포함하고 있기 때문이다. 다시 말해 시간 속의 모든 일들이 하나님의 의지 없이 실현될 수 없고 하나님의 지식은 그가 뜻하고 작정하신 세상의 모든 일에 미치기 때문이다. 그러므로 윌러드에게 있어서 그러한 하나님의 작정을 피조물의 자유와 모순적으로 보는 것은 영원 가운데 모든 것을 알고 뜻하고 이루는 전능한 존재를 시간적 존재로 혹은 피조물의 인과론으로 파악하려는 오류를 범하는 것이다.
Abstract
The Reformed view of the divine decree was misrepresented as a form of fatalism (or Stoic determinism) by the Jesuits, Remonstrants, and Socinians and this has been influential even today. They argued that the Reformed doctrine of the decree (predestination and providence) limits God's freedom itself and its emphasis on divine sovereignty allows no room for human freedom. One case of Reformed Scholasticism, however, the theology of Samuel Willard(1640-1707) and his defense of the Reformed scholastic view, shows that the Reformed understanding of the issue of the divine decree and human freedom maintains the compatibility between the two. As the first step to understand Willard's approach in a way of doctrinal exposition, this article examines Willard's theological and philosophical elucidations and distinctions in the doctrines of divine attributes, especially God's knowledge, will, power, and eternity. Through this study of divine attributes and their distinctions, this article aims to show how Willard tries to argue that it is possible to hold both God's absolute and perfect decree/will and human freedom or contingency in this world order. This is because God's will and knowledge, based on his omnipotence in eternity, definitely enables God to foreknow and actualize all the free choices and actions of the creature. In other words, for all things in this temporal world, there is nothing that can happen without God's will and his knowledge reaches perfectly to what he wills. Shortly, given the absolute difference between God and the creature, it is an attempt to understand God who is in eternity beyond human intellect in a way of human causal experiences to argue that the divine decree and human freedom cannot be compatible.
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