Systematic review and meta-analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for breast cancer screening using the PRISMA approach
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Breast cancer remains one of the most health challenges among women globally. Early detection significantly improves patient conditions and survival rates. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are low molecular weight byproducts released through biological processes have gained a great attention as potential non-invasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. This systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA approach to analyze recent studies on utility of VOCs in breast cancer screening. A total of 1,340 studies were initially retrieved from Google Scholar, of which 30 studies were selected for in-depth analysis. The results indicate that eight VOCs were among the most frequently reported out of a total 268 identified through the studies. The eight frequent VOCs associated with breast cancer found in various biological samples such as breath, blood, urine, cell, and saliva were phenol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, acetic acid, p-cresol, octanoic acid, 2 pentylfuran, guaiacol, 4-tert-butylphenol. In review, significant variability was present in sampling methods, headspace solid phase microextraction conditions, analytical techniques, and identified VOCs across studies. To enhance VOC-based cancer diagnosis toward clinical utilization, future research should focus on standardizing analytical protocols, improving VOCs’ selectivity, and exploring machine learning-based classification models. This review underscores the significant potential of VOC-based diagnostics while emphasizing the need for further validation and standardization of methodological methodologies.
Abstract
Breast cancer remains one of the most health challenges among women globally. Early detection significantly improves patient conditions and survival rates. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are low molecular weight byproducts released through biological processes have gained a great attention as potential non-invasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. This systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA approach to analyze recent studies on utility of VOCs in breast cancer screening. A total of 1,340 studies were initially retrieved from Google Scholar, of which 30 studies were selected for in-depth analysis. The results indicate that eight VOCs were among the most frequently reported out of a total 268 identified through the studies. The eight frequent VOCs associated with breast cancer found in various biological samples such as breath, blood, urine, cell, and saliva were phenol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, acetic acid, p-cresol, octanoic acid, 2 pentylfuran, guaiacol, 4-tert-butylphenol. In review, significant variability was present in sampling methods, headspace solid phase microextraction conditions, analytical techniques, and identified VOCs across studies. To enhance VOC-based cancer diagnosis toward clinical utilization, future research should focus on standardizing analytical protocols, improving VOCs’ selectivity, and exploring machine learning-based classification models. This review underscores the significant potential of VOC-based diagnostics while emphasizing the need for further validation and standardization of methodological methodologies.