Application of Metabolic Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: A Literature Review
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Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Novel biomarkers for early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in breast cancer are needed and extensively studied. Metabolites, which are small molecules produced during metabolic processes, provide links between genetics, environment, and phenotype, making them useful biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and disease classifi- cation. With recent advancements in metabolomics techniques, metabolomics research has expanded, which has led to significant progress in biomarker research. In breast can- cer, alterations in metabolic pathways result in distinct metabolomic profiles that can be harnessed for biomarker discovery. Studies using mass spectrometry and nuclear mag- netic resonance spectroscopy have helped identify significant changes in metabolites, such as amino acids, lipids, and organic acids, in the tissues, blood, and urine of patients with breast cancer, highlighting their potential as biomarkers. Integrative analysis of these metabolite biomarkers with existing clinical parameters is expected to improve the accu- racy of breast cancer diagnosis and to be helpful in predicting prognosis and treatment re- sponses. However, to apply these findings in clinical practice, larger cohorts for validation and standardized analytical methods for QC are necessary. In this review, we provide infor- mation on the current state of metabolite biomarker research in breast cancer, highlight- ing key findings and their clinical implications.
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Novel biomarkers for early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in breast cancer are needed and extensively studied. Metabolites, which are small molecules produced during metabolic processes, provide links between genetics, environment, and phenotype, making them useful biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and disease classifi- cation. With recent advancements in metabolomics techniques, metabolomics research has expanded, which has led to significant progress in biomarker research. In breast can- cer, alterations in metabolic pathways result in distinct metabolomic profiles that can be harnessed for biomarker discovery. Studies using mass spectrometry and nuclear mag- netic resonance spectroscopy have helped identify significant changes in metabolites, such as amino acids, lipids, and organic acids, in the tissues, blood, and urine of patients with breast cancer, highlighting their potential as biomarkers. Integrative analysis of these metabolite biomarkers with existing clinical parameters is expected to improve the accu- racy of breast cancer diagnosis and to be helpful in predicting prognosis and treatment re- sponses. However, to apply these findings in clinical practice, larger cohorts for validation and standardized analytical methods for QC are necessary. In this review, we provide infor- mation on the current state of metabolite biomarker research in breast cancer, highlight- ing key findings and their clinical implications.