Simvastatin Induces Apoptosis and Suppresses Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor in Bile Duct Cancer Cells
2
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Background/Aims: Statins act as antineoplastic agents through the inhibition of cell proliferation. This study sought to demonstrate the effects of statins on extrahepatic bile duct cancer cell apoptosis and to document the changes in protein expression involved in tumor growth and suppression. Methods: Human extrahepatic bile duct cancer cells were cultured. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were performed to determine the effect of statins on cell proliferation. Apoptosis was measured by a cell death detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and caspase-3 activity assay, and flow cytometry was used to determine the percentage of cells in each phase of the cell cycle. The protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and Akt was measured by Western blot analysis. Results: Simvastatin suppressed cell proliferation by inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest in bile duct cancer cells. Furthermore, it induced apoptosis via caspase-3 activation, downregulated the expression of the Bcl-2 protein, and enhanced the expression of the Bax protein. Moreover, simvastatin suppressed the expression of the IGF-1 receptor and IGF-1-induced ERK/Akt activation. Conclusions: Simvastatin induces apoptosis in bile duct cancer cells, which suggests that it could be an antineoplastic agent for bile duct cancer.
Abstract
Background/Aims: Statins act as antineoplastic agents through the inhibition of cell proliferation. This study sought to demonstrate the effects of statins on extrahepatic bile duct cancer cell apoptosis and to document the changes in protein expression involved in tumor growth and suppression. Methods: Human extrahepatic bile duct cancer cells were cultured. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were performed to determine the effect of statins on cell proliferation. Apoptosis was measured by a cell death detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and caspase-3 activity assay, and flow cytometry was used to determine the percentage of cells in each phase of the cell cycle. The protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and Akt was measured by Western blot analysis. Results: Simvastatin suppressed cell proliferation by inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest in bile duct cancer cells. Furthermore, it induced apoptosis via caspase-3 activation, downregulated the expression of the Bcl-2 protein, and enhanced the expression of the Bax protein. Moreover, simvastatin suppressed the expression of the IGF-1 receptor and IGF-1-induced ERK/Akt activation. Conclusions: Simvastatin induces apoptosis in bile duct cancer cells, which suggests that it could be an antineoplastic agent for bile duct cancer.
참고문헌 (33)
- Sirica AE, "Cholangiocarcinoma: molecular targeting strategies for chemoprevention and therapy", Hepatology, 41, pp.5~15 (2005)
- Jarnagin WR, "Staging, resectability, and outcome in 225 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma", Ann Surg, 234, pp.507~517 (2001)
- Ustundag Y, "Cholangiocarcinoma: a compact review of the literature", World J Gastroenterol, 14, pp.6458~6466 (2008)
- Murakami Y, "Gemcitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival after aggressive surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma", J Gastrointest Surg, 13, pp.1470~1479 (2009)
- Lee GW, "Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line treatment for immunohistochemically proven cholangiocarcinoma", Am J Clin Oncol, 29, pp.127~131 (2006)
- Blechacz B, "Cholangiocarcinoma: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment", Hepatology, 48, pp.308~321 (2008)
- Rosen ED, "PPARgamma: a nuclear regulator of metabolism, differentiation, and cell growth", J Biol Chem, 276, pp.37731~37734 (2001)
- Gauthaman K, "Statins, stem cells, and cancer", J Cell Biochem, 106, pp.975~983 (2009)
- Blanco-Colio LM, "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin, induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells by downregulation of Bcl-2 expression and Rho A prenylation", Atherosclerosis, 161, pp.17~26 (2002)
- Danesh FR, "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors prevent high glucose-induced proliferation of mesangial cells via modulation of Rho GTPase", p21signaling pathway: implications for diabetic nephropathy, 2002, pp.99, 8301~8305
- Takemoto M, "Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors", Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21, pp.1712~1719 (2001)
- Miller T, "Simvastatin stimulates apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma by inhibition of Rac1 activity", Dig Liver Dis, 43, pp.395~403 (2011)
- El-Serag HB, "Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a large cohort of patients with diabetes", Gastroenterology, 136, pp.1601~1608 (2009)
- Hachem C, "Statins and the risk of colorectal carcinoma: a nested case-control study in veterans with diabetes", Am J Gastroenterol, 104, pp.1241~1248 (2009)
- Poynter JN, "Statins and the risk of colorectal cancer", N Engl J Med, 352, pp.2184~2192 (2005)
- Lee J, "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) activate expression of PPARalpha", PPARgamma and ABCA1 in cultured gallbladder epithelial cells, 2010, pp.55, 292~299
- Adachi Y, "A candidate targeting molecule of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor for gastrointestinal cancers", World J Gastroenterol, 16, pp.5779~5789 (2010)
- Baserga R, "The insulin-like growth factor I receptor: a key to tumor growth?", Cancer Res, 55, pp.249~252 (1995)
- Yu H, "Role of the insulin-like growth factor family in cancer development and progression", J Natl Cancer Inst, 92, pp.1472~1489 (2000)
- Alvaro D, "Estrogens and insulinlike growth factor 1 modulate neoplastic cell growth in human cholangiocarcinoma", Am J Pathol, 169, pp.877~888 (2006)
- Ku JL, "Establishment and characterisation of six human biliary tract cancer cell lines", Br J Cancer, 87, pp.187~193 (2002)
- Alupei MC, "Cytotoxicity of lipophilic statins depends on their combined actions on HIF-1α expression and redox status in B16.F10 melanoma cells", Anticancer Drugs, 25, pp.393~405 (2014)
- Kato S, "Lipophilic but not hydrophilic statins selectively induce cell death in gynaecological cancers expressing high levels of HMGCoA reductase", J Cell Mol Med, 14, pp.1180~1193 (2010)
- Ogunwobi OO, "Statins inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in Barrett’s esophageal adenocarcinoma cells", Am J Gastroenterol, 103, pp.825~837 (2008)
- Wood WG, "Statins, Bcl-2, and apoptosis: cell death or cell protection?", Mol Neurobiol, 48, pp.308~314 (2013)
- Pollak M, "Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling in neoplasia", Nat Rev Cancer, 8, pp.915~928 (2008)
- Gallagher EJ, "The proliferating role of insulin and insulin-like growth factors in cancer", Trends Endocrinol Metab, 21, pp.610~618 (2010)
- Sekine Y, "Simvastatin inhibits the proliferation of human prostate cancer PC-3cells via down-regulation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor", Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 372, pp.356~361 (2008)
- Cho SJ, "Simvastatin induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells and in tumor xenografts, and attenuates colitis-associated colon cancer in mice", Int J Cancer, 123, pp.951~957 (2008)
- Kim W, "Synergistic anti-tumor efficacy of lovastatin and protein kinase C-beta inhibitor in hepatocellular carcinoma", Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 64, pp.497~507 (2009)
- Kim ST, "Simvastatin plus capecitabinecisplatin versus placebo plus capecitabine-cisplatin in patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer: a double-blind randomised phase 3 study", Eur J Cancer, 50, pp.2822~2830 (2014)
- Kamigaki M, "Statins induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation in cholangiocarcinoma cells", Int J Oncol, 39, pp.561~568 (2011)
- Cai JP, "Simvastatin enhances the chemotherapeutic efficacy of S-1 against bile duct cancer: E2F-1", TS downregulation might be the mechanism, 2013, pp.24, 1020~1029
