본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Pathophysiology and Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease: Update 2016

Christian Datz|Felix Stickel|Jochen Hampe|Ramon Bataller
거트앤리버 소화기연관학회협의회|2017.03|Gut and Liver|제11권 제2호|pp. 173-188

2

조회

0

다운로드

8

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

alcoholicHepatitisLiver transplantationCarcinomaMalnutritionhepatocellularPNPLA3Corticosteroid therapy

초록

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute and chronic liver failure and as such causes significant morbidity and mortality. While alcohol consumption is slightly decreasing in several European countries, it is rising in others and remains high in many countries around the world. The pathophysiology of ALD is still incompletely understood but relates largely to the direct toxic effects of alcohol and its main intermediate, acetaldehyde. Recently, novel putative mechanisms have been identified in systematic scans covering the entire human genome and raise new hypotheses on previously unknown pathways. The latter also identify host genetic risk factors for significant liver injury, which may help design prognostic risk scores. The diagnosis of ALD is relatively easy with a panel of well-evaluated tests and only rarely requires a liver biopsy. Treatment of ALD is difficult and grounded in abstinence as the pivotal therapeutic goal; once cirrhosis is established, treatment largely resembles that of other etiologies of advanced liver damage. Liver transplantation is a sound option for carefully selected patients with cirrhosis and alcoholic hepatitis because relapse rates are low and prognosis is comparable to other etiologies. Still, many countries are restrictive in allocating donor livers for ALD patients. Overall, few therapeutic options exist for severe ALD. However, there is good evidence of benefit for only corticosteroids in severe alcoholic hepatitis, while most other efforts are of limited efficacy. Considering the immense burden of ALD worldwide, efforts of medical professionals and industry partners to develop targeted therapies in ALF has been disappointingly low.

Abstract

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute and chronic liver failure and as such causes significant morbidity and mortality. While alcohol consumption is slightly decreasing in several European countries, it is rising in others and remains high in many countries around the world. The pathophysiology of ALD is still incompletely understood but relates largely to the direct toxic effects of alcohol and its main intermediate, acetaldehyde. Recently, novel putative mechanisms have been identified in systematic scans covering the entire human genome and raise new hypotheses on previously unknown pathways. The latter also identify host genetic risk factors for significant liver injury, which may help design prognostic risk scores. The diagnosis of ALD is relatively easy with a panel of well-evaluated tests and only rarely requires a liver biopsy. Treatment of ALD is difficult and grounded in abstinence as the pivotal therapeutic goal; once cirrhosis is established, treatment largely resembles that of other etiologies of advanced liver damage. Liver transplantation is a sound option for carefully selected patients with cirrhosis and alcoholic hepatitis because relapse rates are low and prognosis is comparable to other etiologies. Still, many countries are restrictive in allocating donor livers for ALD patients. Overall, few therapeutic options exist for severe ALD. However, there is good evidence of benefit for only corticosteroids in severe alcoholic hepatitis, while most other efforts are of limited efficacy. Considering the immense burden of ALD worldwide, efforts of medical professionals and industry partners to develop targeted therapies in ALF has been disappointingly low.

참고문헌 (140)

  1. Rehm J, "Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders", Lancet, 373, pp.2223~2233 (2009)
  2. European status report on alcohol and health 2010, "World Health Organization", WHO Regional Office for Europe, ~ (2010)
  3. Rehm J, "Modeling the impact of alcohol dependence on mortality burden and the effect of available treatment interventions in the European Union", Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 23, pp.89~97 (2013)
  4. Rehm J, "Global burden of alcoholic liver diseases", J Hepatol, 59, pp.160~168 (2013)
  5. Leon DA, "Liver cirrhosis mortality rates in Britain from 1950 to 2002: an analysis of routine data", Lancet, 367, pp.52~56 (2006)
  6. Case A, "Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112, pp.15078~15083 (2015)
  7. Yadav D, "The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer", Gastroenterology, 144, pp.1252~1261 (2013)
  8. Popova S, "Comorbidity of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis", Lancet, 387, pp.978~987 (2016)
  9. Seitz HK, "Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-mediated carcinogenesis", Nat Rev Cancer, 7, pp.599~612 (2007)
  10. Fernández-Solà J, "Cardiovascular risks and benefits of moderate and heavy alcohol consumption", Nat Rev Cardiol, 12, pp.576~587 (2015)
  11. Foulds JA, "Depression in patients with alcohol use disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes for independent and substanceinduced disorders", J Affect Disord, 185, pp.47~59 (2015)
  12. Mokdad AA, "Liver cirrhosis mortality in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis", BMC Med, 12, pp.145~ (2014)
  13. Global health estimates (GEHE) 2014:YLL by age, sex and cause, "World Health Organization", World Health Organization, ~ (2012)
  14. World Health Organization, "WHO mortality database: raw data files", World Health Organization, ~ (2015)
  15. Sheron N, "Alcohol and liver disease in Europe: simple measures have the potential to prevent tens of thousands of premature deaths", J Hepatol, 64, pp.957~967 (2016)
  16. Burra P, "Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease in Europe: a study from the ELTR (European Liver Transplant Registry)", Am J Transplant, 10, pp.138~148 (2010)
  17. Sheron N, "Projections of alcohol deaths: a wake-up call", Lancet, 377, pp.1297~1299 (2011)
  18. Teli MR, "Determinants of progression to cirrhosis or fibrosis in pure alcoholic fatty liver", Lancet, 346, pp.987~990 (1995)
  19. Stickel F, "Alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma", Adv Exp Med Biol, 815, pp.113~130 (2015)
  20. Konishi M, "Role of microsomal enzymes in development of alcoholic liver diseases", J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 22(Suppl 1), pp.S7~S10 (2007)
  21. Oneta CM, "Dynamics of cytochrome P4502E1 activity in man: induction by ethanol and disappearance during withdrawal phase", J Hepatol, 36, pp.47~52 (2002)
  22. Neuman MG, "Alcoholic liver disease:clinical and translational research", Exp Mol Pathol, 99, pp.596~610 (2015)
  23. Gouillon Z, "Inhibition of ethanol-induced liver disease in the intragastric feeding rat model by chlormethiazole", Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 224, pp.302~308 (2000)
  24. Bradford BU, "Cytochrome P450CYP2E1, but not nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, is required for ethanol-induced oxidative DNA damage in rodent liver", Hepatology, 41, pp.336~344 (2005)
  25. Scoccianti C, "European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: alcohol drinking and cancer", Cancer Epidemiol, 39(Suppl 1), pp.S67~S74 (2015)
  26. Gao B, "Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets", Gastroenterology, 141, pp.1572~1585 (2011)
  27. Brunt EM, "MacSween’s pathology of the liver", pp.293~360 (2012), Churchill Livingstone
  28. Roh YS, "TLR2 and TLR9 contribute to alcohol-mediated liver injury through induction of CXCL1 and neutrophil infiltration", Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 309, pp.G30~G41 (2015)
  29. An L, "Cytokines in alcoholic liver disease", Arch Toxicol, 86, pp.1337~1348 (2012)
  30. Petrasek J, "Toll-like receptors in liver disease", Adv Clin Chem, 59, pp.155~201 (2013)
  31. Lemmers A, "The interleukin-17 pathway is involved in human alcoholic liver disease", Hepatology, 49, pp.646~657 (2009)
  32. Szabo G, "Inflammasome activation and function in liver disease", Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12, pp.387~400 (2015)
  33. Schuppan D, "Liver fibrosis: common mechanisms and antifibrotic therapies", Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 39(Suppl 1), pp.S51~S59 (2015)
  34. Svegliati-Baroni G, "Early response of alpha2(I) collagen to acetaldehyde in human hepatic stellate cells is TGF-beta independent", Hepatology, 42, pp.343~352 (2005)
  35. Bataller R, "NADPH oxidase signal transduces angiotensin II in hepatic stellate cells and is critical in hepatic fibrosis", J Clin Invest, 112, pp.1383~1394 (2003)
  36. Elinav E, "Competitive inhibition of leptin signaling results in amelioration of liver fibrosis through modulation of stellate cell function", Hepatology, 49, pp.278~286 (2009)
  37. Patsenker E, "Cannabinoid receptor type I modulates alcohol-induced liver fibrosis", Mol Med, 17, pp.1285~1294 (2011)
  38. Zamara E, "4-Hydroxynonenal as a selective pro-fibrogenic stimulus for activated human hepatic stellate cells", J Hepatol, 40, pp.60~68 (2004)
  39. Fattovich G, "Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors", Gastroenterology, 127(5 Suppl 1), pp.S35~S50 (2004)
  40. Villanueva A, "DNA methylation-based prognosis and epidrivers in hepatocellular carcinoma", Hepatology, 61, pp.1945~1956 (2015)
  41. Dubuquoy L, "Progenitor cell expansion and impaired hepatocyte regeneration in explanted livers from alcoholic hepatitis", Gut, 64, pp.1949~1960 (2015)
  42. Lanthier N, "Hepatic cell proliferation plays a pivotal role in the prognosis of alcoholic hepatitis", J Hepatol, 63, pp.609~621 (2015)
  43. Sancho-Bru P, "Liver progenitor cell markers correlate with liver damage and predict short-term mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis", Hepatology, 55, pp.1931~1941 (2012)
  44. Mathews S, "Animals models of gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Animal models of alcoholinduced liver disease: pathophysiology, translational relevance, and challenges", Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 306, pp.G819~G823 (2014)
  45. Mandrekar P, "Alcoholic hepatitis:translational approaches to develop targeted therapies", Hepatology, 64, pp.1343~1355 (2016)
  46. de la M Hall P, "Models of alcoholic liver disease in rodents: a critical evaluation", Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 25(5 Suppl ISBRA), pp.254S~261S (2001)
  47. Bertola A, "Mouse model of chronic and binge ethanol feeding (the NIAAA model)", Nat Protoc, 8, pp.627~637 (2013)
  48. Shalem O, "High-throughput functional genomics using CRISPR-Cas9", Nat Rev Genet, 16, pp.299~311 (2015)
  49. Sørensen TI, "Prospective evaluation of alcohol abuse and alcoholic liver injury in men as predictors of development of cirrhosis", Lancet, 2, pp.241~244 (1984)
  50. Kamper-Jørgensen M, "Alcohol and cirrhosis: dose. Response or threshold effect", J Hepatol, 41, pp.25~30 (2004)
  51. Bellentani S, "Drinking habits as cofactors of risk for alcohol induced liver damage: the Dionysos Study Group", Gut, 41, pp.845~850 (1997)
  52. Becker U, "Lower risk for alcohol-induced cirrhosis in wine drinkers", Hepatology, 35, pp.868~875 (2002)
  53. Johansen D, "Food buying habits of people who buy wine or beer: cross sectional study", BMJ, 332, pp.519~522 (2006)
  54. Kennedy OJ, "Systematic review with meta-analysis: coffee consumption and the risk of cirrhosis", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 43, pp.562~574 (2016)
  55. Dam MK, "Smoking and risk of liver cirrhosis: a population-based cohort study", Scand J Gastroenterol, 48, pp.585~591 (2013)
  56. Shoreibah M, "Alcoholic hepatitis and concomitant hepatitis C virus infection", World J Gastroenterol, 20, pp.11929~11934 (2014)
  57. Monto A, "Risks of a range of alcohol intake on hepatitis C-related fibrosis", Hepatology, 39, pp.826~834 (2004)
  58. Gitto S, "Alcohol and viral hepatitis: a mini-review", Dig Liver Dis, 41, pp.67~70 (2009)
  59. Naveau S, "Excess weight risk factor for alcoholic liver disease", Hepatology, 25, pp.108~111 (1997)
  60. Raynard B, "Risk factors of fibrosis in alcohol-induced liver disease", Hepatology, 35, pp.635~638 (2002)
  61. Hart CL, "Effect of body mass index and alcohol consumption on liver disease:analysis of data from two prospective cohort studies", BMJ, 340, pp.c1240~ (2010)
  62. Reed T, "Genetic predisposition to organ-specific endpoints of alcoholism", Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 20, pp.1528~1533 (1996)
  63. Eagon PK, "Alcoholic liver injury: influence of gender and hormones", World J Gastroenterol, 16, pp.1377~1384 (2010)
  64. Baraona E, "Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of alcohol", Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 25, pp.502~507 (2001)
  65. Marshall AW, "Ethanol elimination in males and females: relationship to menstrual cycle and body composition", Hepatology, 3, pp.701~706 (1983)
  66. Stinson FS, "The critical dimension of eth nicity in liver cirrhosis mortality statistics", Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 25, pp.1181~1187 (2001)
  67. Levy RE, "Ethnic differences in presentation and severity of alcoholic liver disease", Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 39, pp.566~574 (2015)
  68. Anstee QM, "Genetics of alcoholic liver disease", Semin Liver Dis, 35, pp.361~374 (2015)
  69. Stickel F, "The genetics of alcohol dependence and alcohol-related liver disease", J Hepatol, 66, pp.195~211 (2017)
  70. Buch S, "A genome-wide association study confirms PNPLA3 and identifies TM6SF2 and MBOAT7 as risk loci for alcohol-related cirrhosis", Nat Genet, 47, pp.1443~1448 (2015)
  71. Atkinson S, "A genome-wide association study identifies PNPLA3 and SLC38A4 as risk loci for alcoholic hepatitis", J Hepatol, 64(2 Suppl), pp.S134~ (2016)
  72. He S, "A sequence variation (I148M) in PNPLA3 associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease disrupts triglyceride hydrolysis", J Biol Chem, 285, pp.6706~6715 (2010)
  73. Xin YN, "Molecular dynamics simulation of PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism reveals reduced substrate access to the catalytic cavity", Proteins, 81, pp.406~414 (2013)
  74. European Association for the Study of Liver, "EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease", J Hepatol, 57, pp.399~420 (2012)
  75. Stockwell T, "Estimating under- and over-reporting of drinking in national surveys of alcohol consumption: identification of consistent biases across four English-speaking countries", Addiction, 111, pp.1203~1213 (2016)
  76. Hung-Pin Tu, "Alcohol-related diseases and alcohol dependence syndrome is associated with increased gout risk: A nationwide population-based cohort study", Joint Bone Spine, 84(2), pp.189~196 (2017), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  77. Lowe JM, "Determining ethyl glucuronide cutoffs when detecting self-reported alcohol use in addiction treatment patients", Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 39, pp.905~910 (2015)
  78. Hock B, "Validity of carbohydratedeficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV)as biomarkers for chronic alcohol abuse: a study in patients with alcohol dependence and liver disorders of non-alcoholic and alcoholic origin", Addiction, 100, pp.1477~1486 (2005)
  79. Alatalo P, "Biomarkers of liver status in heavy drinkers, moderate drinkers and abstainers", Alcohol Alcohol, 44, pp.199~203 (2009)
  80. O’Shea RS, "Practice Guideline Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Alcoholic liver disease", Hepatology, 51, pp.307~328 (2010)
  81. Trabut JB, "Influence of liver biopsy on abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients", Alcohol Alcohol, 43, pp.559~563 (2008)
  82. Tannapfel A, "Histopathological diagnosis of non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver disease", Virchows Arch, 458, pp.511~523 (2011)
  83. Lombardi R, "Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with alcoholic liver disease", World J Gastroenterol, 21, pp.11044~11052 (2015)
  84. Mueller S, "Increased liver stiffness in alcoholic liver disease: differentiating fibrosis from steatohepatitis", World J Gastroenterol, 16, pp.966~972 (2010)
  85. Gelsi E, "Effect of detoxification on liver stiffness assessed by Fibroscan® in alcoholic patients", Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 35, pp.566~570 (2011)
  86. Penny SM, "Alcoholic liver disease", Radiol Technol, 84, pp.577~592 (2013)
  87. d’Assignies G, "Early detection of liver steatosis by magnetic resonance imaging in rats infused with glucose and intralipid solutions and correlation to insulin levels", Metabolism, 62, pp.1850~1857 (2013)
  88. de Lédinghen V, "Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) for the diagnosis of steatosis: a prospective study of 5323 examinations", J Hepatol, 60, pp.1026~1031 (2014)
  89. Sandahl TD, "Incidence and mortality of alcoholic hepatitis in Denmark 1999-2008: a nationwide population based cohort study", J Hepatol, 54, pp.760~764 (2011)
  90. Cervoni JP, "C-reactive protein predicts short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis", J Hepatol, 56, pp.1299~1304 (2012)
  91. Diehl AM, "Relationship between pyridoxal 5’-phosphate deficiency and aminotransferase levels in alcoholic hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 86, pp.632~636 (1984)
  92. Martín-Llahí M, "Prognostic importance of the cause of renal failure in patients with cirrhosis", Gastroenterology, 140, pp.488~496 (2011)
  93. Murray KF, "AASLD. AASLD practice guidelines:evaluation of the patient for liver transplantation", Hepatology, 41, pp.1407~1432 (2005)
  94. Maddrey WC, "Corticosteroid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 75, pp.193~199 (1978)
  95. Dunn W, "MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis", Hepatology, 41, pp.353~358 (2005)
  96. Forrest EH, "The Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score identifies patients who may benefit from corticosteroids", Gut, 56, pp.1743~1746 (2007)
  97. Dominguez M, "A new scoring system for prognostic stratification of patients with alcoholic hepatitis", Am J Gastroenterol, 103, pp.2747~2756 (2008)
  98. Srikureja W, "MELD score is a better prognostic model than Child-Turcotte-Pugh score or discriminant function score in patients with alcoholic hepatitis", J Hepatol, 42, pp.700~706 (2005)
  99. Sandahl TD, "Validation of prognostic scores for clinical use in patients with alcoholic hepatitis", Scand J Gastroenterol, 46, pp.1127~1132 (2011)
  100. Papastergiou V, "Nine scoring models for short-term mortality in alcoholic hepatitis: cross-validation in a biopsy-proven cohort", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 39, pp.721~732 (2014)
  101. Louvet A, "The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids", Hepatology, 45, pp.1348~1354 (2007)
  102. Altamirano J, "A histologic scoring system for prognosis of patients with alcoholic hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 146, pp.1231~1239 (2014)
  103. American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV" (1994), American Psychiatric Association
  104. World Health Organization, "The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines", World Health Organization, ~ (1992)
  105. Addolorato G, "Treatment of alcohol use disorders in patients with alcoholic liver disease", J Hepatol, 65, pp.618~630 (2016)
  106. Leggio L, "Baclofen promotes alcohol abstinence in alcohol dependent cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection", Addict Behav, 37, pp.561~564 (2012)
  107. Barrault C, "One year effectiveness of Baclofen treatment in 100 alcohol-dependent patients", J Hepatol, 62(Suppl 2), pp.S758~S759 (2015)
  108. Owens L, "Baclofen: maintenance of abstinence in alcohol dependent patients attending liver clinic", J Hepatol, 62(Suppl 2), pp.S767~ (2015)
  109. Palpacuer C, "Risks and benefits of nalmefene in the treatment of adult alcohol dependence: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished double-blind randomized controlled trials", PLoS Med, 12, pp.e1001924~ (2015)
  110. Stickel F, "Review article: nutritional therapy in alcoholic liver disease", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 18, pp.357~373 (2003)
  111. Plauth M, "ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: liver disease", Clin Nutr, 25, pp.285~294 (2006)
  112. Marchesini G, "Long-term oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy:a randomized double-blind casein-controlled trial. The Italian Multicenter Study Group", J Hepatol, 11, pp.92~101 (1990)
  113. Muto Y, "Effects of oral branched-chain amino acid granules on event-free survival in patients with liver cirrhosis", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 3, pp.705~713 (2005)
  114. Koretz RL, "Nutritional support for liver disease", Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (5), pp.CD008344~ (2012)
  115. Mendenhall C, "Relationship of protein calorie malnutrition to alcoholic liver disease: a reexamination of data from two Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies", Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 19, pp.635~641 (1995)
  116. Fialla AD, "Nutritional therapy in cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis", Liver Int, 35, pp.2072~2078 (2015)
  117. Moreno C, "Intensive enteral nutrition is ineffective for patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with corticosteroids", Gastroenterology, 150, pp.903~910 (2016)
  118. Floersheim GL, "Treatment of human amatoxin mushroom poisoning:myths and advances in therapy", Med Toxicol, 2, pp.1~9 (1987)
  119. Ferenci P, "Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver", J Hepatol, 9, pp.105~113 (1989)
  120. Parés A, "Effects of silymarin in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver: results of a controlled, doubleblind, randomized and multicenter trial", J Hepatol, 28, pp.615~621 (1998)
  121. Rambaldi A, "Milk thistle for alcoholic and", or hepatitis B or C liver diseases: a systematic cochrane hepato-biliary group review with meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials, 2005, pp.100, 2583~2591
  122. Rambaldi A, "Propylthiouracil for alcoholic liver disease", Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2), pp.CD002800~ (2002)
  123. Rambaldi A, "Colchicine for alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis", Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2), pp.CD002148~ (2005)
  124. Rambaldi A, "S-adenosyl-L-methionine for alcoholic liver diseases", Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2), pp.CD002235~ (2006)
  125. Lieber CS, "Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study 391 Group. II. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study of polyenylphosphatidylcholine in alcoholic liver disease", Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 27, pp.1765~1772 (2003)
  126. Stickel F, "Update on the management of alcoholic steatohepatitis", J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 22, pp.189~197 (2013)
  127. Mathurin P, "Corticosteroids improve short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis:meta-analysis of individual patient data", Gut, 60, pp.255~260 (2011)
  128. Parker R, "Systematic review: pentoxifylline for the treatment of severe alcoholic hepatitis", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 37, pp.845~854 (2013)
  129. Thursz MR, "Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis", N Engl J Med, 372, pp.1619~1628 (2015)
  130. Mathurin P, "Prednisolone with vs without pentoxifylline and survival of patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized clinical trial", JAMA, 310, pp.1033~1041 (2013)
  131. Harrison PM, "Improvement by acetylcysteine of hemodynamics and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure", N Engl J Med, 324, pp.1852~1857 (1991)
  132. Lee WM, "Intravenous N-acetylcysteine improves transplant-free survival in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure", Gastroenterology, 137, pp.856~864.e1 (2009)
  133. Nguyen-Khac E, "Glucocorticoids plus N-acetylcysteine in severe alcoholic hepatitis", N Engl J Med, 365, pp.1781~1789 (2011)
  134. Singal AK, "Evolving frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation based on etiology of liver disease", Transplantation, 95, pp.755~760 (2013)
  135. Singal AK, "Outcome after liver transplantation for cirrhosis due to alcohol and hepatitis C: comparison to alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis C cirrhosis", J Clin Gastroenterol, 47, pp.727~733 (2013)
  136. DiMartini A, "Alcohol consumption patterns and predictors of use following liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease", Liver Transpl, 12, pp.813~820 (2006)
  137. Neuberger J, "Public and professional attitudes to transplanting alcoholic patients", Liver Transpl, 13(11 Suppl 2), pp.S65~S68 (2007)
  138. Mathurin P, "Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis", N Engl J Med, 365, pp.1790~1800 (2011)
  139. Im GY, "Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis in the United States: a singlecenter experience", Am J Transplant, 16, pp.841~849 (2016)
  140. Lucey MR, "Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease", Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 11, pp.300~307 (2014)

관련 논문AI추천

Alcohol-associated liver disease: Natural history, management and novel targeted therapiesAna Clemente-Sánchez, Edilmar Alvarado-Tapias, Elisa Pose, Hugo López-Pelayo, Jordi Gratacós-Ginès, Ramón Bataller대한간학회 · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology2025 · 제31권 제2호Subclinical versus advanced forms of alcohol-related liver disease: Need for early detectionConcepción Gómez-Medina, David Martí-Aguado, Luma Melo, Ramón Bataller대한간학회 · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology2023 · 제29권 제1호Emerging medical therapies for severe alcoholic hepatitisDavid Tornai, Gyongyi Szabo대한간학회 · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology2020 · 제26권 제4호Alcohol use disorder and liver transplant: new perspectives and critical issuesFabio Caputo, Fabio Marra, Francesco Vizzutti, Lucia Golfieri, Silvana Grandi, Silvia Aspite, Stefano Gitto, Valentino Patussi대한내과학회 · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine2020 · 제35권 제4호Severe acute alcoholic hepatitis and liver transplant: A never-ending mournful storyAbdalla Bashir, Aiman Obed, Anwar Jarrad, Steffen Stern대한간학회 · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology2018 · 제24권 제4호Role of liver transplantation in severe alcoholic hepatitisAnil Arora, Ashish Kumar, Naresh Bansal, Praveen Sharma, Ravi Daswani, Vikas Singla대한간학회 · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology2018 · 제24권 제1호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (19건)

Do We Need to Retest of Helicobacter pylori Infection after Gastric Cancer Surgery?이상길pp. 169-170Is Adsorptive Granulocyte and Monocyte Apheresis Effective as an Alternative Treatment Option in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis?전성란pp. 171-172Management of Antiviral Resistance in Chronic Hepatitis B임영석pp. 189-195Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bridge between Functional Organic DichotomyRatnakar Shukla, Uday C Ghoshal, Ujjala Ghoshalpp. 196-208Dynamic Changes in Helicobacter pylori Status Following Gastric Cancer Surgery이종찬, 김나영, 김영훈, 이정원, 이경호, 안상훈, 김재연, 이혜승, 김형호, 이윤진, 이동호, 심철민, 박도중, 윤기철, 윤혁, 박영수pp. 209-215
원문 보기