Effects of Traffic and Meteorological Factors on Ozone Concentration
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Vehicles are a vital source of directly emitted pollutants. Thus, transportation is responsible for a substantial share of pollutants’ concentrations in urban regions, and it is logical to infer that decreased vehicle flows lead to reduced direct emissions. In the case of ozone, chemical reactions are the primary determinant of O3 concentrations, and a decrease of directly emitted vehicle exhausts leads to favorable conditions for O3 generation. Therefore, decreased vehicle flows increase O3 concentrations, especially in urban regions. In addition to traffic flows, meteorological factors also influence O3 concentrations. Tropospheric O3 is produced by photochemical reactions involving UV rays and precursors. Episodes of high O3 concentrations occur in the late Spring and Summer under such meteorological conditions as high pressure, warm temperature, low cloud cover, and light wind. Among them, solar radiation plays an important role in determining O3 concentrations. UV is indispensable for generating O3, and it is necessary to focus on the relationship between the intensity of UV and O3 concentration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of traffic volume and meteorological factors on O3 concentrations. Since traffic volume and UV change with time, this study attempts to model these two elements, which are essential for ozone generation, using time-series data. The results show that the coefficient of traffic is negative and that of solar radiation is positive, supporting the theory. However, since the squared variable of traffic also has a statistically significant positive effect, caution is required in interpretation.
Abstract
Vehicles are a vital source of directly emitted pollutants. Thus, transportation is responsible for a substantial share of pollutants’ concentrations in urban regions, and it is logical to infer that decreased vehicle flows lead to reduced direct emissions. In the case of ozone, chemical reactions are the primary determinant of O3 concentrations, and a decrease of directly emitted vehicle exhausts leads to favorable conditions for O3 generation. Therefore, decreased vehicle flows increase O3 concentrations, especially in urban regions. In addition to traffic flows, meteorological factors also influence O3 concentrations. Tropospheric O3 is produced by photochemical reactions involving UV rays and precursors. Episodes of high O3 concentrations occur in the late Spring and Summer under such meteorological conditions as high pressure, warm temperature, low cloud cover, and light wind. Among them, solar radiation plays an important role in determining O3 concentrations. UV is indispensable for generating O3, and it is necessary to focus on the relationship between the intensity of UV and O3 concentration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of traffic volume and meteorological factors on O3 concentrations. Since traffic volume and UV change with time, this study attempts to model these two elements, which are essential for ozone generation, using time-series data. The results show that the coefficient of traffic is negative and that of solar radiation is positive, supporting the theory. However, since the squared variable of traffic also has a statistically significant positive effect, caution is required in interpretation.
참고문헌 (32)
- Bell, M. L., "Effect modification by community characteristics on the short-term effects of ozone exposure and mortality in 98 US communities", American Journal of Epidemiology, 167(8), pp.986~997 (2008)
- Bell, M. L., "Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000", The Journal of the American Medical Association, 292(19), pp.2372~2378 (2004)
- Cardelino, C. A., "Natural hydrocarbons, urbanization, and urban ozone", Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, pp.13971~13979 (1990)
- Derwent, R. G., "Urban air pollution: European aspects" (1998), Kluwer Academic Publishers
- Fujita, E. M., "Evolution of the magnitude and spatial extent of the weekend ozone effect in California’s south coast air basin, 1981-2000", Journal of the Air &Waste Management Association, 53, pp.802~815 (2003)
- Gregg, J. W., "Urbanization effects on tree growth in the vicinity of New York City", Nature, 424(6945), pp.183~187 (2003)
- Gryparis, A., "Acute effects of ozone on mortality from the “air pollution and health: A European approach", project, Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med., 170(10), pp.1080~1087 (2004)
- Guenther, A., "Natural emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen from North America", Atmospheric Environment, 34(12-14), pp.2205~2230 (2000)
- Heuss, J. M., "Weekday", weekend ozone differences : What can we learn from them?, 2003, pp.53(7), 772~788
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, "Climate change 2007: The physical science basis: Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change" (2007), Cambridge University Press
- Jo, W., "Characteristics of roadside air pollution in Korean metropolitan city (Daegu) over last 5 to 6years: Temporal variations, standard exceedances, and dependence on meteorological conditions", Chemosphere, 59(11), pp.1557~1573 (2005)
- Kim, Y., "Impact of traffic flows and wind directions on air pollution concentrations in Seoul, Korea", Atmospheric Environment, 45(16), pp.2803~2811 (2011)
- Kim, Y., "Land-Use Regression Panel Models of NO2 Concentrations in Seoul, Korea", Atmospheric Environment, 107, pp.364~373 (2015)
- 김영국, "Analysis of Ozone Concentration with Focused on Traffic Flows and Ultraviolet Radiations in Seoul, Korea", 교통연구, 27(1), pp.13~27 (2020), 한국교통연구원[DOI]
- 2003 Environment White Paper, "Korea Ministry of Environment", ~ (2003)
- Lamb, B., "A national inventory of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions", Atmospheric Environment, 21(8), pp.1695~1705 (1987)
- Marr, L. C., "Modeling the effect of weekday-weekend differences in motor vehicle emissions on photochemical air pollution in central California", Environmental Science & Technology, 36(19), pp.4099~4106 (2002)
- McConnell, R., "Predicting residential ozone deficits from nearby traffic", Science of The Total Environment, 363(1–3), pp.166~174 (2006)
- Munir, S., "Modelling the impact of road traffic on ground level ozone concentration using a quantile regression approach", Atmospheric Environment, (60), pp.283~291 (2012)
- National Research Council, "Rethinking the ozone problem in urban and regional air pollution" (1991), National Academy Press
- Pun, B. K., "Day-of-week behavior of atmospheric ozone in three U.S. cities", Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 53(7), pp.789~801 (2003)
- Rinne, H. J. I., "Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes measured above Amazonian rainforest and their dependence on light and temperature", Atmospheric Environment, 36(14), pp.2421~2426 (2002)
- Sanderson, M. G., "Effect of climate change on isoprene emissions and surface ozone levels", Geophysical Research Letters, 30(18), pp.4-1~4-4 (2003)
- Seinfeld, J. H., "Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change" (2006), John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Seinfeld, J. H., "Urban air pollution: State of the science", Science, 243(4892), pp.745~752 (1989)
- Steiner, A. L., "Influence of future climate and emissions on regional air quality in California", Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, pp.D18303~ (2006)
- Tsai, D., "A study of ground-level ozone pollution, ozone precursors and subtropical meteorological conditions in central Taiwan", Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10(1), pp.109~118 (2008)
- Air quality criteria for ozone and related photochemical oxidants, volume I of III, "US EPA", National Center for Environmental Assessment, ~, pp.EPA 600 (2006), R-05[DOI]
- WHO, "WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, global update 2005, summary of risk assessment", WHO Press
- Yang, J., "Trends and variability of ground-level O3 in Connecticut over the period 1981-1997", Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 52, pp.1354~1361 (2002)
- Yarwood, G., "Modeling weekday", weekend ozone differences in the Los Angeles region for 1997, 2003, pp.53(7), 864~875
- Zanobetti, A., "Mortality displacement in the association of ozone with mortality: An analysis of 48 cities in the United States", Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 177(2), pp.184~189 (2008)