한국과 일본 영화에서의 노인과 죽음의 문제 - 『플랜 75』와 『소풍』을 중심으로 -
Representations of Aging and Death in Korean and Japanese Films : A Comparative Study of Plan 75 and Picnic
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초록
韓国と日本は、少子化の進行とともに急速な高齢化を迎えており、年金制度、住宅、福祉、孤独死、高齢者の貧困といった多様な社会問題が深刻化している。高齢化の影響は単なる人口構造の変化にとどまらず、高齢者に対する社会的な認識さえも大きく変えてしまった。かつて、高齢者は豊かな人生経験と知恵を持つ存在として尊敬され、地域社会においては自然と指導者や助言者の役割を担っていた。しかし現代では、高齢者は知恵の象徴ではなく、時代遅れの存在として見なされることが多くなっている。尊敬の念は薄れ、むしろ負担や疎ましさといった感情が社会の中で広がっている。このような認識の変化は、いわゆる「エイジズム」、東アジアの文脈では「嫌老（ヒョムノ）」と呼ばれる現象を生み出し、私たちは今や「老いを嫌う時代」に生きているとさえ言える。このような社会の歪みを鋭く描いた作品が、映画『PLAN 75』と『소풍（ピクニック）』である。日本と韓国という異なる背景を持つ二つの映画は、超高齢社会における共通の課題である「高齢者と死」を中心に据え、孤立や見捨てられる現実を静かに、そして深く描写している。死を目前にした高齢者たちの孤独な姿を通じて、これらの映画は私たちに問いかける社会の一員として役割を終えた人々を、私たちはどう扱っているのか。老いという避けられない脆弱さに直面したとき、私たちはどんな価値観を持って向き合うのか。『PLAN 75』と『ピクニック』は、老いの尊厳と孤独を静かに描きながら、私たちがどのような社会を築こうとしているのかを見つめ直すきっかけを与えてくれる。
Abstract
South Korea and Japan are experiencing a rapid acceleration of population aging, compounded by persistently low birth rates. As both societies shift into super-aged demographics, a wide array of social issues—ranging from pension systems and housing to welfare, solitary deaths, and elderly poverty—have emerged as pressing concerns. However, the impact of aging extends beyond demographics; it has significantly altered societal perceptions of the elderly. Traditionally, older adults were revered as wise individuals who had accumulated life experience and knowledge over time. In many communities, the eldest member naturally assumed the role of a leader or advisor. They were seen as symbols of wisdom, deserving of respect and deference. In contrast, today's aging population is often viewed not as sources of guidance but as outdated figures who no longer fit within the fast-paced modern world. Respect for elders has been gradually replaced by a growing sense of burden and, in some cases, resentment. This negative shift in perception has given rise to a phenomenon referred to as “ageism,” or more specifically in the East Asian context, “hyeom-no” (혐노)—a term that captures societal aversion and hostility toward the elderly. Increasingly, we find ourselves living in an era defined by this “hatred of aging.” Two films that poignantly capture this unsettling reality are Plan 75 and Picnic (소풍). Though set in South Korea and Japan respectively, both films address the shared issue of extreme aging in society. They delve into the themes of abandonment, isolation, and ultimately, the death of the elderly—portraying these not as isolated personal tragedies but as symptoms of broader societal neglect. By focusing on the marginalized lives of older individuals in their final stages, the films challenge us to reflect on the way we view the elderly. They confront viewers with uncomfortable questions: How do we, as a society, treat those who can no longer contribute economically? What values do we uphold when faced with the vulnerability of aging? Through quiet narratives of loneliness and fading dignity, Plan 75 and Picnic invite us to critically examine the kind of society we are building—and whether it is one in which people are allowed to age with dignity and compassion.