A Diachronic Study of the English Perfect Passive
0
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The English infinitive can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb equivalent. There are three types of ‘be+to-infinitive’ in English. The first type ‘be to-infinitive’ is one in which the infinitive is a noun equivalent. In the second ‘BE TO-infinitive’, the infinitive is considered to be an adjective equivalent acting as a subject complement. In the third ‘is to-infinitive,’ the infinitive is called a retroactive. This study has fully discussed the differences of these three types. They have an apparently identical construction in which the verb ‘be’ is followed by an infinitive, but in fact they have different syntactic and semantic characteristics. Jespersen(1940) classified English infinitives into three ranks: primary, secondary and tertiary. The verb ‘be’ of the first type ‘be to’ is a copula and the infinitive is Jespersen’s primary and so a nominal infinitive acting as a complement of ‘be.’ There are two kinds of infinitives as Jespersen’s secondary: retroactive and non-retroactive. Korean school grammar has argued that Jespersen’s secondary non-retroactive infinitive of ‘BE TO’ is a subject complement, and so an adjective equivalent. However, this argument has proved to be untenable. Unlike ‘be to,’ ‘BE TO’ cannot be divided into two units, i.e. the verb ‘be’ and ‘to-infinitive.’ The whole ‘BE TO’ as a unit is a modal idiom or quasi-auxiliary referring to several future meanings: arrangement, order, destiny, possibility, purpose, etc. The infinitive of ‘is to’ is a retroactive. It is an active infinitive which is said to have a passive meaning, but Jespersen(1940) looks upon the infinitive as active and as governing a preceding item as its (implicit) object.
Abstract
The English infinitive can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb equivalent. There are three types of ‘be+to-infinitive’ in English. The first type ‘be to-infinitive’ is one in which the infinitive is a noun equivalent. In the second ‘BE TO-infinitive’, the infinitive is considered to be an adjective equivalent acting as a subject complement. In the third ‘is to-infinitive,’ the infinitive is called a retroactive. This study has fully discussed the differences of these three types. They have an apparently identical construction in which the verb ‘be’ is followed by an infinitive, but in fact they have different syntactic and semantic characteristics. Jespersen(1940) classified English infinitives into three ranks: primary, secondary and tertiary. The verb ‘be’ of the first type ‘be to’ is a copula and the infinitive is Jespersen’s primary and so a nominal infinitive acting as a complement of ‘be.’ There are two kinds of infinitives as Jespersen’s secondary: retroactive and non-retroactive. Korean school grammar has argued that Jespersen’s secondary non-retroactive infinitive of ‘BE TO’ is a subject complement, and so an adjective equivalent. However, this argument has proved to be untenable. Unlike ‘be to,’ ‘BE TO’ cannot be divided into two units, i.e. the verb ‘be’ and ‘to-infinitive.’ The whole ‘BE TO’ as a unit is a modal idiom or quasi-auxiliary referring to several future meanings: arrangement, order, destiny, possibility, purpose, etc. The infinitive of ‘is to’ is a retroactive. It is an active infinitive which is said to have a passive meaning, but Jespersen(1940) looks upon the infinitive as active and as governing a preceding item as its (implicit) object.
참고문헌 (17)
- Abramson, Arthur S., "The Vowels and Tones of Standard Thai: Acoustical Measurements and Experiments", Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, ~ (1962)
- Algeo, John, "The origins and development of the English language" (2014), Cengage Learning
- Bosworth, Joseph, "The Gospels. Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Wycliffe and Tyndale Versions" (1907), Gibbings and Company
- Denison, David, "English historical syntax: verbal constructions" (1993), Longman
- Granger, Sylviane, "The ‘be + past participle’ construction in spoken English: with special emphasis on the passive" (1983), North-Holland
- Jespersen, Otto, "A modern English grammar on historical principles, 7 vols" (1949), Carl Winters Universitattsbuchhandlung
- Kerstens, Johan, "Lexicon of Linguistics" (2001), Utrecht institute of Linguistics OTS
- Mitchell, Bruce, "A guide to Old English" (1992), Blackwell
- Mossé, Fernand, "Handbook of Middle English" (1975), Johns Hopkins University
- 신성균, "On the Origin of the English Passive Progressive", 영어영문학연구, 58(3), pp.315~333 (2016), 한국중앙영어영문학회[DOI]
- Toyota, Junichi, "Diachronic change in the English passive" (2008), Palgrave Macmillan
- Trask, Robert Lawrence, "A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology" (1996), Routledge
- Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, "Diachronic syntax and generative grammar", Language, 41, pp.402~415 (1965)
- Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, "A history of English syntax: A transformational approach to the history of English sentence structure" (1972), Holt, Rinehart, and Winston
- Visser, Fredeicus. Th, "An historical syntax of the English language, 4 Volumes" (1963), E. J. Brill
- Wheelock, Frederic M, "Latin: an introductory course based on ancient authors" (1963), Barnes & Noble
- Wikipedia, "the free encyclopedia", Accidental Gap