한국전쟁과 ‘인도주의적 구원’의 신화 ― 북한점령시기 주한유엔민간원조사령부(UNCACK)의 창설과정과 성격 ―

Abstract

This paper examined the character of civil affairs and relief work during the korean war through tracing the United Nation Civil Assistance Command, Korea(UNCACK)'s establishment process and character. The main points and arguments of this paper are as following. The UN's relief plan during the korean war started from considering occupation of North Korea. U.S. planed to execute Military government in occupation territory, and U.S. army had all responsibilities of civil affairs. U.S. intended to use ‘civil assistance’ term rather than ‘Military government’ or ‘Military Occupation’, and wanted to use UN's name and sources to take out burdens. The UNCACK originated from UN public health and welfare detachment(UNPHWD) in early stage of the war, and established as general organization to carry out civil affair works in occupation area of North Korea. UNCACK which was composed of headquarter, chief of assistant sections, and local field teams, began civil administration and planning work from November 1950. The U.S. eighth army's civil affair organizations and UNCACK had external conflicts with South Korean Government, however, they were in close cooperation in actual and brought about extreme violences and conflicts. As organization's name was ambiguous, their lack of principal and capability made great confusion, The UNCACK and army's civil affair work was not simple assistance and relief, but military-oriented public control operation for strategical aim. The UNCACK's activities showed the character of control and rule of military over society. Military's gaze divided society and purpose of military modernization achieved through sanitizing, registering and listing war refugees, surveying statistics of population and economic conditions, surveiling peoples movements and residence, and issuing identification cards etc. Military divided and labeled people as ‘refugee’, ‘war sufferer’, ‘orphan’, ‘civilian’. The public memory about the korean war has fixed to an image, in which U.S. Army and UN forces were regarded as rescuer with good intentions. However, refugees couldn't know whether the army would shoot or strafe them, screen and treat them through POW channel or feed and care them. After all, so called ‘humanitarin’ civil affair works during the korean war was completely subjected to the military object. U.N. force's relief policy was also an method to which achieve efficiency of military operations and show they were more humane than communist forces.