조선후기 지방지배정책과 인구파악 ―『대구부호적대장』을 중심으로 ―

Abstract

This study presents an investigation into Joseon's policies of local governance and methods of census based on the census registers, which have been the source of basic data to understand the census of Joseon. The Joseon Dynasty had a single basic principle of local governance, which was centralization, and ran specific systems to implement it such as the province, gun, and hyeon system and their units including the myeon, ri, and ogajaktong system, which was adopted as measures for the central government to achieve local governance and exclude the private rule of the two upper classes and the noble families, which exercised prominent power in local regions. Those policies of local governance were based on the detailed census registers, whose actual recording was not really determined by the unilateral policies and intentions of the government. As it has been known, the census registers were updated every three years. The central government announced the beginning of its operations by distributing the updated census registers samoks based on the older ones. The central government placed such a strong emphasis on its strong determination of never ignoring the problems with wrongful recordings, emissions of households and people, and fake households in the census registers samoks. Despite its firm determination, however, the same problems reemerged in every updated census register, which indicates that the recording of census registers was not up to the unilateral policies and intentions of the central government. Based on the census registers, the ogajaktong system also took into account the considerations above. There were as many differences as similarities between Dongsangmyeon, the urban area of Daegubu, and Haebukchonmyeon, the rural area, in terms of the size and division of ris as well as the continuation rate of the population and the percentage of households in different classes, which was because different regions had different considerations. In the middle 18th century, the Joseon Dynasty started to delegate a large portion of its ruling power to gamsas and suryeongs across most of its policies of local governance including taxation rather than keeping them under its direct influence. In such a situation, the government's census methods were in mutual coordination with the local ruling power including the two upper classes and hyangris and in mutual relations with the ongoing resistance from the common people. In the two areas mentioned above, the jikyeok class with the greatest influence in the area took the position of tongsu in the 19th century, which suggests that there was a sort of compromise among the central government, local government offices, and local people. The local areas responded to the national policies in a variety of ways that remained within the framework of its basic policy directions.