北宋時代 溪峒諸蠻의 ‘內附’ 유형

Abstract

The various tribes of streams and grottoes (xidong zhuman) had established relationships with the Song court according to their respective interests and circumstances while undergoing “submission” (neifu). The patterns can be broadly categorized into “guiming” by tribal people, “guishun” by tribal chieftains, and “land offering” (natu) meaning territorial incorporation into Song rule. The “guiming” of tribal people took the form of leaving their original territories and migrating to the Song domains, driven by various motives including internal clan conflicts and strategic choices for survival. This referred to cases where tribal people, pushed out of internal power struggles within ethnic minorities or facing economic difficulties, migrated to areas under direct Song rule to seek new foundations for life. The Song court provided benefits such as land grants to these people while seeking to maintain frontier stability. The “guishun” of tribal chieftains was a form of political submission to the Song court while continuing to maintain their power bases in their original territories. In other words, it was a method of gaining political recognition from the Song dynasty while maintaining their existing power foundations. This became the basis for the Song to establish haltered-and-bridled prefectures (jimizhou) in those regions. Tribal chieftains could be appointed as prefects (zhizhou) or governors (cishi) of haltered-and-bridled prefectures with hereditary succession rights, and they could secure their interests by obtaining economic benefits through utilizing tribute. Meanwhile, “land offering” refers to cases where ethnic minorities offered their territories to the Song for incorporation into regular prefectures and counties. This occurred under complex circumstances including internal conflicts among ethnic minorities and military pressure or active frontier expansion from the Song court.