Determinants of Environmental Pollution in Provincial Areas in China
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Environmental pollution has become an issue in China following rapid economic development, especially in transitioning parts of China. The government has made environmental protection part of the national agenda. A knowledge of what factors affect pollution will help make policy. The relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth has been widely studied. Most studies have tried to explain the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth in China using just one province or national level data as the target of study. This paper investigated the relationship between urbanization level and air pollution based on province-level panel data over the time period from 2007 to 2014 in China. Two measures of pollution emissions are used in the empirical study: SO2 and soot. Most researchers link the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) that indicates an inverted U-shaped relationship. This study investigates the relationship between environmental pollution and development, as well as trade openness, urbanization level, energy consumption, expenditure on environmental protection, secondary industry, and local share of financial revenue by examining data for 30 provinces (covering all mainland province-level administrative units except Tibet) over eight years. The combination of cross-sectional and time series data allows for richer econometric model specifications and more accurate conclusions. The analysis found an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic development and air pollution is strongly verified in the case of SO2, supporting the EKC hypothesis, while soot had a U-shaped relationship. Urbanization level also had opposite relationships, negative for SO2 and positive for soot. Trade openness was associated with decreasing emissions for both pollutants. Electricity consumption was associated with increased emissions. Secondary industry had an unexpected effect of relating to decreased emissions of soot. Environmental expenditure was associated with decreases in both pollutants. Financial resource autonomy had a strong relationship with rising SO2 emissions but not with soot. There appears to be different processes involved in the two pollutants in spite of a number of common sources. The Chinese government at all levels has strong scope for addressing emissions of both pollutants investigated in the study.
Abstract
Environmental pollution has become an issue in China following rapid economic development, especially in transitioning parts of China. The government has made environmental protection part of the national agenda. A knowledge of what factors affect pollution will help make policy. The relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth has been widely studied. Most studies have tried to explain the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth in China using just one province or national level data as the target of study. This paper investigated the relationship between urbanization level and air pollution based on province-level panel data over the time period from 2007 to 2014 in China. Two measures of pollution emissions are used in the empirical study: SO2 and soot. Most researchers link the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) that indicates an inverted U-shaped relationship. This study investigates the relationship between environmental pollution and development, as well as trade openness, urbanization level, energy consumption, expenditure on environmental protection, secondary industry, and local share of financial revenue by examining data for 30 provinces (covering all mainland province-level administrative units except Tibet) over eight years. The combination of cross-sectional and time series data allows for richer econometric model specifications and more accurate conclusions. The analysis found an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic development and air pollution is strongly verified in the case of SO2, supporting the EKC hypothesis, while soot had a U-shaped relationship. Urbanization level also had opposite relationships, negative for SO2 and positive for soot. Trade openness was associated with decreasing emissions for both pollutants. Electricity consumption was associated with increased emissions. Secondary industry had an unexpected effect of relating to decreased emissions of soot. Environmental expenditure was associated with decreases in both pollutants. Financial resource autonomy had a strong relationship with rising SO2 emissions but not with soot. There appears to be different processes involved in the two pollutants in spite of a number of common sources. The Chinese government at all levels has strong scope for addressing emissions of both pollutants investigated in the study.
참고문헌 (45)
- Antweiler, W, "Is Free Trade Good for the Environment", The American Economic Review, 91(4), pp.877~908 (2001)
- Apergis, N, "Environmental Kuznets Curves: New Evidence on Both Panel and Country-Level CO2 Emissions", Energy Economics, 54, pp.263~271 (2016)
- Arouri, M, "Environmental Kuznets Curve in Thailand: Cointegration and Causality Analysis", The Journal of Energy and Development, 39(1, pp.2) (2013), 149~170
- 배정환, "우리나라 대기오염배출 원인과 저감 정책 효과 분석", 자원환경경제연구, 25(4), pp.545~564 (2016), 한국환경경제학회[DOI]
- "Biofuels and Fine Dust in Korea" (2018)[URL]
- Chen, S, "Energy Consumption, CO2 Emission and Sustainable Development in Chinese Industry", Economic Research Journal, 4(1), pp.1~5 (2009)
- Chimeli, A. B, "Total factor productivity and the environmental Kuznets curve", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 49(2), pp.366~380 (2005)
- Cole M.A, "Industrial Activity and The Environment in China: An Industry-level Analysis", China Economic Review, 19(3), pp.393~408 (2008)
- Crenson, M.A, "The Un-Politics of Air Pollution: A Study of Non-Decision-Making in the Cities" (1971), Johns Hopkins Press
- Dulal, H.B, "Climate Change Mitigation in the Transport Sector Through Urban Planning: A Review", Habitat International, 35, pp.494~500 (2011)
- Fu, Y, "Fiscal Decentralization and the Structural Bias in Fiscal Expenditure: Growth Costs for Competition", Management World, 3, pp.4~12 (2007)
- Grossman, G.M, "Economic Growth and the Environment", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), pp.353~377 (1995)
- Halkos, G. E, "A conditional directional distance function approach for measuring regional environmental efficiency: Evidence from UK regions", European Journal of Operational Research, 227(1), pp.182~189 (2013)
- Heerink, N, "Income inequality and the environment: aggregation bias in environmental Kuznets curves", Ecological Economics, 38(3), pp.359~367 (2001)
- Hong, S.H, "Nonlinear Cointegration Analysis and the Environmental Kuznets Curve" (2008), Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS)
- Hossain, M.S, "Panel Estimation for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Urbanization of Newly Industrialized Countries", Energy Policy, 39, pp.6991~6999 (2011)
- Huang J, "The Effect on Environmental Governance Investment and Financial Environmental Expenditure for the Environmental Pollution: The Comparative Analysis of the Panel Model", Ecological Economy, 34(7), pp.83~87 (2018)
- Huq, M, "Indoor air quality for poor families: new evidence from Bangladesh" (2004), The World Bank
- Islam, F, "Is there an Environmental Kuznets Curve for Bangladesh? Evidence from ARDL Bounds Testing Approach", The Bangladesh Development Studies, 33(4), pp.1~23 (2013)
- Jayanthakumaran, K, "Openness and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from China", Economic Modeling, 29, pp.566~576 (2012)
- Kai, L, "Trade Openness, Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emission in China", Economic Research Journal, 11, pp.60~72 (2011)
- Kang, Y. Q, "Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions in China: A Spatial Panel Data Approach", Ecological Indicators, 63, pp.231~239 (2016)
- Li, S, "Urbanization, Economic Development and Environmental Change", Sustainability, 6(8), pp.5143~5161 (2014)
- Li, T, "Environmental Kuznets Curve in China: New Evidence from Dynamic Panel Analysis", Energy Policy, 91, pp.138~147 (2016)
- Li, X, "International Trade, Pollution Industry Transfer and Chinese Industries’ CO2 Emissions", Economic Research Journal, 1, pp.15~26 (2010)
- Lin, Q.Y, "Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of China’s Fiscal Decentralization and Environmental Pollution——Based on Provincial Static and Dynamic Panel Data Model", conomic Survey, 5, pp.122~127 (2013)
- Liu, J, "Revolutionizing China's Environmental Protection", Science, 319(5859), pp.37~38 (2008)
- Logan, J.R, "Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place" (2007), University of California Press
- Lopez, R, "Corruption, pollution, and the Kuznets environment curve", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 40(2), pp.137~150 (2000)
- Martínez-Zarzoso, I, "The Impact of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Developing Countries", cological Economics, 70, pp.1344~1353 (2011)
- Pao, H.T, "Multivariate Granger Causality between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, FDI (foreign direct investment) and GDP (gross domestic product): Evidence from a Panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) Countries", Energy, 36(1), pp.685~693 (2011)
- Renard, M.F, "Strategic Interactions in Environmental Regulation Enforcement: Evidence from Chinese Provinces" (2012)
- Srinivasan, V, "The impact of urbanization on water vulnerability: A coupled human–environment system approach for Chennai, India", Global Environmental Change, 23(1), pp.229~239 (2013)
- Tao, S, "An Empirical Test of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in China: A Panel Cointegration Approach", China Economic Review, 19(3), pp.381~392 (2008)
- Wang, Q, "Research on interactive coupling mechanism and regularity between urbanization and atmospheric environment: A case study in Shandong Province, China", Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment, 26(7), pp.887~898 (2012)
- Wang, Y. Q, "On China’s Development Model: The Costs and Benefits of China’s Decentralization Approach to Transition", Economic Research Journal, 1, pp.16~ (2007)
- Wang, Y, "Is There an Environmental Kuznets Curve for SO2 Emissions? A Semi-Parametric Panel Data Analysis for China", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, pp.1182~1188 (2016)
- Wyckoff, A. W, "The embodiment of carbon in imports of manufactured products: Implications for international agreements on greenhouse gas emissions", Energy Policy, 22(3), pp.187~194 (1994)
- Yan, W.J, "Can Chinese-style Fiscal Decentralization Increase Environmental Pollution", Collected Essays on Finance and Economics, 3, pp.32~37 (2012)
- Zhang, B, "Environmental Pollution, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth", Scientific Decision-making，, 11, pp.20~42 (2012)
- Zhang K, "Environmental expenditure and pollution", Study on City and Environment, 4, pp.94~110 (2018)
- Zhang, K.Z, "Fiscal Decentralization and Environmental Pollution: From the Perspective of Carbon Emission", China Industrial Economics, 10, pp.65~75 (2011)
- Zhang, X. P, "Energy Consumption, Carbon Emissions, and Economic Growth in China", Ecological Economics, 68(10), pp.2706~2712 (2009)
- Zhou Z, "Study on the Dynamic Impact of Economic Growth on Industrial Pollution in the Yangtze River Economic Belt: Based on State-space Model", Journal of Nanjing University of Technology, 4, pp.87~93 (2019)