The spiritual sense, prayer and traditional American Indian healing
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
A spiritual sense may be present in the human brain. Demonstration of the spiritual sense depends on measuring the behavioral effects of spiritual experiences. These experiences can be induced by prayer, specific chemicals and other stimuli that are known to interact with pyramidal neurons of layer 5 in the cerebral cortex. This work examines the hypothesis that pyramidal neurons are the seat of the spiritual sense. Healers use the spiritual sense to comfort and heal their patients, especially with prayer. Many doctors do not encourage prayer and could learn from healers to use the spiritual sense. Patients should be educated to use prayer in order to get the comfort they need for healing.
Abstract
A spiritual sense may be present in the human brain. Demonstration of the spiritual sense depends on measuring the behavioral effects of spiritual experiences. These experiences can be induced by prayer, specific chemicals and other stimuli that are known to interact with pyramidal neurons of layer 5 in the cerebral cortex. This work examines the hypothesis that pyramidal neurons are the seat of the spiritual sense. Healers use the spiritual sense to comfort and heal their patients, especially with prayer. Many doctors do not encourage prayer and could learn from healers to use the spiritual sense. Patients should be educated to use prayer in order to get the comfort they need for healing.
참고문헌 (42)
- Adams JD, "Palliative care among Chumash people", Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2, pp.143~147 (2005)
- Adams JD Jr, "Spirit, mind and body in Chumash healing", Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2, pp.459~463 (2005)
- Alkondon M, "The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes and their function in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex", Prog Brain Res, 145, pp.109~120 (2004)
- al-Krenawi A, "The healing significance of the Negev’s Bedouin Dervish", Soc Sci Med, 43, pp.13~21 (1996)
- Appel JB, "Involvement of 5-HT receptor subtypes in the discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline", Eur J Pharmacol, 159, pp.41~46 (1989)
- Astin JA, "The efficacy of “distant healing”: a systematic review of randomized trials", Ann Intern Med, 132, pp.903~910 (2000)
- Buhner SH, "Sacred Plant Medicine Explorations in the Practice of Indigenous Herbalism" (1996), Raven Press
- Kotler A, "In engaged Buddhist reader ten years of engaged Buddhist publishing", pp.3~6 (1996), Parallax Press
- Dringenberg HC, "Generalized cortex activation by the auditory midbrain: mediation by acetylcholine and subcortical relays", Exp Brain Res, 174, pp.114~123 (2006)
- Dringenberg HC, "Neocortical activation by electrical and chemical stimulation of the rat inferior colliculus: intra-collicular mapping and neuropharmacological characterization", Exp Brain Res, 154, pp.461~469 (2004)
- El-Seedi HR, "Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas", J Ethnopharmacol, 101, pp.238~242 (2005)
- Faber ES, "Opioids inhibit lateral amygdala pyramidal neurons by enhancing a dendritic potassium current", J Neurosci, 24, pp.3031~3039 (2004)
- Garcia C, "Healing with medicinal plants of the West – cultural and scientific basis for their use" (2009), Abedus Press
- Griffiths RR, "Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance", Psychopharmacol, 18, pp.268~283 (2006)
- Hofmann A, "Teonanacatl and Ololiuqui : Two ancient magic drugs of Mexico", Bull Narcotics, 23, pp.3~14 (1971)
- Kavasch EB, "American Indian Healing Arts Herbs, Rituals, and Remedies for Every Season of Life" (1999), Bantam
- Li Y, "Isolation and chemical modification of clerodane diterpenoids from Salvia species as potential agonists at the kappa opioid receptor", Chem Biodivers, 4, pp.1586~1593 (2007)
- Marek GJ, "5-Hydroxytryptamine induced excitatory postsynaptic currents in neocortical layer V pyramidal cells: suppression by u-opiate receptor activation", Neuroscience, 86, pp.485~497 (1998)
- McNamara P, "Where God and Science Meet. How Brain and Evolutionary Studies Alter our Understanding of Religion", pp.1~14 (2006), Praeger Publishers
- Monte AP, "Dihydrobenzofuran analogues of hallucinogens. 4. Mescaline derivatives", J Med Chem, 40, pp.2997~3008 (1997)
- Newberg A, "How God changes your brain breakthrough findings from a leading neuroscientist" (2010), Ballantine Books
- Nichols DE, "Where God and Science Meet How Brain and Evolutionary Studies Alter our Understanding of Religion. Vol. 3. The Psychology of Religious Experience", pp.1~33 (2006), Praeger Publishers
- Nichols DE, "Hallucinogens", Pharmacol Ther, 101, pp.131~181 (2004)
- Nolte KB, "Fatal peyote ingestion associated with Mallory-Weiss lacerations", Wester J Med, 170, pp.328~ (1999)
- Oken BS, "Placebo effects: clinical aspects and neurobiology", Brain, 131, pp.2812~2823 (2008)
- Piek T, "Neurotoxins from venoms of the Hymenoptera-twenty five years of research in Amsterdam", Comp Biochem Physiol C, 96, pp.223~233 (1990)
- Polsky A, "Computational subunits in thin dendrites of pyramidal cells", Nat Neurosci, 7, pp.621~627 (2004)
- Radosevich PM, "Effects of low and high intensity exercise on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of ir-beta-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol, norepinephrine and glucose in the conscious dog", Brain Res, 498, pp.89~98 (1989)
- Riba J, "Effects of ayahuasca on sensory and sensorimotor gating in humans as measured by P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, respectively", Psychopharmacol, 165, pp.18~28 (2002)
- Roberts TB, "Where God and Science Meet How Brain and Evolutionary Studies Alter our Understanding of Religion. Vol. 3. The Psychology of Religious Experience", pp.235~267 (2006), raeger Publishers
- Rutledge T, "Social networks are associated with lower mortality rates among women with suspected coronary artery disease: the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute sponsored women’s ischemia syndrome evaluation study", Psychosom Med, 66, pp.882~888 (2004)
- Salak K, "The Amazon’s Shaman therapy", pp.1~4 (2006), Nat Geo Adventure
- Seeman P, "Dopamine D2High receptors stimulated by phencyclidines, lysergic acid diethylamide, salvinorin A, and modafinil", Synapse, 63, pp.698~704 (2009)
- Shulgin A, "Pihkal a Chemical Love Story" (1991), Transform Press
- Sjöström PJ, "A cooperative switch determines the sign of synaptic plasticity in distal dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons", Neuron, 51, pp.227~238 (2006)
- Smith DE, "Symposium: Psychedelic drugs and religion", J Psychedelic Drugs, 1, pp.1~19 (1967)
- Tayebati SK, "Muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in cerebral cortex of Fisher 344 rats: a light microscopic autoradiography study of age related changes", Mech Ageing Deve, 127, pp.115~122 (2006)
- raclopride, "Neuropsychopharmacol", 1999, 424~433
- Walsh SL, "Enadoline, a selective kappa opioid agonist: comparison with butorphanol and hydromorphone in humans", Psychopharmacol, 157, pp.151~162 (2001)
- Wang Z, "Dopaminergic control of corticostriatal long term synaptic depression in medium spiny neurons is mediated by cholinergic interneurons", Neuron, 50, pp.443~452 (2006)
- Wasson RG, "The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica" (1980), McGraw-Hill
- Zhang Y, "Decreased input specific plasticity of the auditory cortex in mice lacking M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors", Cerebral Cortex, 16, pp.1258~1265 (2006)
