감정노동과 직무상황이 서비스 종업원들의 심리적 안녕에 미치는 효과
The Effects Of Emotional Labor And Job Context On Service Employees’ Psychological Well-Being
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서비스 종업원들이 감정노동을 효과적으로 수행하기 위해서는 자신의 감정자원을 노동과정에 투입해야만 한다. 그런데 개인의 감정은 자아와 분리될 수 없고 밀접히 맞물려 있기 때문에, 서비스 종업원들은 육체노동이나 정신노동에 종사하는 사람들보다 자아의 심리적 안녕에 심각한 위협을 받을 수 있다. 이러한 문제의식에서 이 논문의 목적은 감정노동과 직무상황이 서비스 종업원의 심리적 안녕을 측정하는 두 가지 지표인 감정고갈과 감정소외에 미치는 효과를 탐색하는 것이다. 감정노동 수행전략으로는 반응-중심 감정노동전략을, 그리고 직무상황 요인으로는 직무요구, 직무자율성, 고객의 상호작용 통제력, 상사지원 등 네 가지를 연구에 포함하였다. 우리나라 4개 호텔에 근무하는 서비스 종업원들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 248명으로부터 자료를 수집하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 반응-중심 감정조절전략이 서비스 종업원의 감정고갈 및 감정소외에 정(正)의 영향을 미치고 있었다. 둘째, 직무요구는 감정고갈과 감정소외에 정의 영향을 미치는 반면에 직무자율성은 감정소외에 부(負)의 영향을 미치고 있었다. 셋째, 직무상황 요인들 중 특히 고객의 상호작용 통제력은 반응-중심 감정조절전략의 감정고갈과 감정소외에 대한 부의 효과를 강화시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 넷째, 상사지원은 반응-중심 감정조절전략의 감정고갈에 대한 부의 효과를 완화시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 이 논문은 다음과 같은 시사점을 도출하였다. 반응-중심 감정조절전략이 기본적으로 서비스 종업원의 심리적 안녕을 위협하는 요소들을 많이 포함하고 있으므로, 기업은 무엇보다도 서비스 종업원들을 과도한 직무요구로 압박하는 것을 피하고 그들에게 고객과 직무 양 측면에서 의사결정권한을 부여하며 상사지원이 가능한 직무상황을 제공해주려고 노력함으로써, 개인의 안녕과 조직의 이익을 조화시키려고 노력해야 할 것이다.
Abstract
This investigation had two purposes. The first purpose was to examine the direct effects of emotional labor(e.g., response-focused emotion regulation) and job context(e.g., job demand, job autonomy, interaction control, supervisory support) on service employees’ psychological well -being(e.g., emotional exhaustion, emotional estrangement). The second purpose was to examine the effects of interaction between response-focused emotion regulation and job context on their emotional exhaustion and emotional estrangement. To test these research purposes, we collected data from service employees in 4 Korean Hotels. Based on 248 completed surveys, we conducted multiple hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS 15.0. The result showed that, as expected, response-focused emotion regulation and job demand were positively associated with emotional exhaustion and emotional estrangement. In addition, job autonomy was negatively related to emotional estrangement. However, the association between response-focused emotion regulation and psychological well-being were facilitated or buffered by job context. For example, interaction control which is a kind of job stressors harmonized with emotional labor to create higher emotional exhaustion and estrangement, whereas supervisory support which is a kind of job resources buffered relationship of response-focused emotion regulation with emotional exhaustion. The limitation and implications of these findings for further research on emotional labor were discussed.
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