17세기말 미국의 계급, 인종, 종교와 토니 모리슨의『자비』
Class, Race, and Religion in the 17th Century America and Toni Morrison's A Mercy
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
In her 9th novel, A Mercy, Toni Morrison returned to 17th century America to show its early unformed economical, religious, and racial background, which had more flexibility and hybridity, and embraced multi-racial ethnic groups. That era was a time when religion, class, and race were purposefully inter-connected, and slyly separated for the manipulation of the slavery system. To show the chaotic and corrupted new world religion, Morrison portrayed several Christians and religious leaders, who sexually abused ethnic women and a white man indentee, as narrow-minded, sexually repressed and diverted. The main reason why the victims were exposed to sexual exploitations was because of the differences in race and class. Bacon's Rebellion in this novel which was mainly caused by class difference, played a trigger role in white men's legislating further race-related laws in America which helped the slavery system find its justification. Morrison emphasized white men's strange but vicious project which excluded religion from the slavery system. By eliminating the religious factor from the slavery system and racial discrimination, they put in its place visible African Americans' black skin as the main defect and devilish trait, which gave them cause to enslave numerous African Americans for a long time. Morrison artistically demonstrated a parallel between American Indian, Lina and British, Rebekka’s religious choices for their individual survivals. Through Lina, Morrison sought to reflect on the syncretic ability and religion of an American Indian whose tribe became extinct because of the Europeans' germ war during which Europeans supplied poisonous blanks filled with smallpox that were taken from European hospitals. Morrison problematized Rebekka's changing, and pretentious religious attitudes because her tricky retreat to the dogmatic and chilling religion might be harmful to herself and other members of her plantation. Through this novel, Morrison wondered aloud if the world has the possibility of finding not only God's mercy, but humanity’s mercy as well.
Abstract
In her 9th novel, A Mercy, Toni Morrison returned to 17th century America to show its early unformed economical, religious, and racial background, which had more flexibility and hybridity, and embraced multi-racial ethnic groups. That era was a time when religion, class, and race were purposefully inter-connected, and slyly separated for the manipulation of the slavery system. To show the chaotic and corrupted new world religion, Morrison portrayed several Christians and religious leaders, who sexually abused ethnic women and a white man indentee, as narrow-minded, sexually repressed and diverted. The main reason why the victims were exposed to sexual exploitations was because of the differences in race and class. Bacon's Rebellion in this novel which was mainly caused by class difference, played a trigger role in white men's legislating further race-related laws in America which helped the slavery system find its justification. Morrison emphasized white men's strange but vicious project which excluded religion from the slavery system. By eliminating the religious factor from the slavery system and racial discrimination, they put in its place visible African Americans' black skin as the main defect and devilish trait, which gave them cause to enslave numerous African Americans for a long time. Morrison artistically demonstrated a parallel between American Indian, Lina and British, Rebekka’s religious choices for their individual survivals. Through Lina, Morrison sought to reflect on the syncretic ability and religion of an American Indian whose tribe became extinct because of the Europeans' germ war during which Europeans supplied poisonous blanks filled with smallpox that were taken from European hospitals. Morrison problematized Rebekka's changing, and pretentious religious attitudes because her tricky retreat to the dogmatic and chilling religion might be harmful to herself and other members of her plantation. Through this novel, Morrison wondered aloud if the world has the possibility of finding not only God's mercy, but humanity’s mercy as well.
참고문헌 (27)
- 구은숙, "사랑의 배반, 트라우마 서사와 주체 형성 —토니 모리슨의『자비』", 영어영문학, 57(5), pp.813~838 (2011), 한국영어영문학회
- 권혁미, "토니 모리슨의『 자비 』에서의 집을 향한 사유들", 미국소설, 19(2), pp.5~24 (2012), 미국소설학회[DOI]
- 살망, 장 미셸, "사탄과 약혼한 마녀" (2001), 시공사
- 신진범, "프리카계 미국소설에 나타난 억눌린 이산종교의 회귀: 찰스 체스넛, 조라 닐 허스턴, 토니 모리슨, 이슈마엘 리드, 글로리아 네일러의 작품을 중심으로", 영어영문학연구, 48(2), pp.205~222 (2006), 한국중앙영어영문학회
- 이영철, "모리슨의 여성생태학적 전망", 미국학 논집, 42(2), pp.253~270 (2010), 한국아메리카학회
- 한재환, "토니 모리슨의『자비』에 나타난 인종과 정체성", 영미어문학, (101), pp.37~59 (2011), 한국영미어문학회
- 황은정, "청교도, 공동체, 그리고 젠더체계에 대한 위협: 17~18세기 뉴잉글랜드 지방의 마녀사냥", 서양사학연구, 16, pp.87~118 (2007)
- Babb, Valerie, "E Pluribus Unum? The American Origins Narrative in Toni Morrison's A Mercy", MELUS, 36(2), pp.147~164 (2011)
- Cantiello, Jessica Wells, "From Pre-Racial to Post-Racial? Reading and Reviewing A Mercy in the Age of Obama", MELUS, 36(2), pp.165~183 (2011)
- Franklin, Ruth, "Enslavements", The New Republic, 239(11), pp.36~39 (2008)
- "Original Sins, Rev. of A Mercy, by Toni Morrison" (2008)[URL]
- Grewal, Gurleen, "Rev. of A Mercy", MELUS, 36(2), pp.191~193 (2011)
- Jennings, La Vinia Delois, "A Mercy: Toni Morrison Plots the Formation of Racial Slavery in Seventeenth-Century America", Callaloo, 32(2), pp.645~703 (2009)
- 김명주, "Doubles that ＂Cleave and Reveal＂ Love: Their Religious Implication in Toni Morrison's Love", 문학과 종교, 12(1), pp.193~215 (2007), 한국문학과종교학회
- Kingsbury, Pam, "Take My Daughter", America, 200(1), pp.31~32 (2009)
- Lawlor, Alice, "Rev. of A Mercy", Herizons, 23(3), pp.36~37
- Montgomery, Maxine L, "Got on My Traveling Shoes: Migration, Exile, and Home in Toni Morrison's A Mercy", Journal of Black Studies, 42(4), pp.627~637 (2011)
- Moore, Geneva Cobb, "A Demonic Parody: Toni Morrison's A Mercy", The Southern Literary Journal, 44(1), pp.1~18 (2011)
- Morrison, Toni, "A Mercy" (2009), Vintage Books
- Roye, Susmita, "Toni Morrison's Disrupted Girls and Their Disturbed Girlhoods: The Bluest Eye and A Mercy", Callaloo, 35(1), pp.212~227 (2012)
- Seymour, Gene, "Rev. of A Mercy", American History, 44(1), pp.67~68 (2009)
- Terry, Jennifer, "A New World Religion? Creolisation and Candomble in Toni Morrison's Paradise, In Toni Morrison and The Bible: Contested Intertextualities", pp.192~214 (2006), Peter Lang
- Tuttle, Tara, "Spirited Women: Conjure and Female Empowerment in Jewell Parker Rhodes’ Voodoo Dreams and Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon", Women Writers (2008)
- Updike, John, "Dreamy Wilderness", New Yorker, 84(35), pp.112~113 (2008)
- Waegner, Cathy Covell, "Ruthless Epic Footsteps: Shoes, Migrants, and the Settlement of the Americas in Toni Morrison's A Mercy, In Post-national Enquiries: Essays on Ethnic and Racial Border Crossing", pp.91~112 (2009), Cambridge Scholars P
- Wyatt, Jean, "Failed Messages, Maternal Loss, And Narrative Form in Toni Morrison's A Mercy", Modern Fiction Studies, 58(1), pp.128~151 (2012)
- Zinn, Howard, "A People's History of the United States, 1492-Present" (1995), Harper Perennial