Skin Pigmentation and Pigmentary Disorders: Focus on Epidermal/Dermal Cross-Talk
2
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Variation in human skin and hair color is the most notable aspect of human variability and several studies in evolution, genetics and developmental biology contributed to explain the mechanisms underlying human skin pigmentation, which is responsible for differences in skin color across the world’s populations. Despite skin pigmentation is primarily related to melanocytes functionality, the surrounding keratinocytes and extracellular matrix proteins and fibroblasts in the underlying dermal compartment actively contribute to cutaneous homeostasis. Many autocrine/paracrine secreted factors and cell adhesion mechanisms involving both epidermal and dermal constituents determine constitutive skin pigmentation and, whenever deregulated, the occurrence of pigmentary disorders. In particular, an increased expression of such mediators and their specific receptors frequently lead to hyperpigmentary conditions, such as in melasma and in solar lentigo, whereas a defect in their expression/release is related to hypopigmented disorders, as seen in vitiligo. All these interactions underline the relevant role of pigmentation on human evolution and biology.
Abstract
Variation in human skin and hair color is the most notable aspect of human variability and several studies in evolution, genetics and developmental biology contributed to explain the mechanisms underlying human skin pigmentation, which is responsible for differences in skin color across the world’s populations. Despite skin pigmentation is primarily related to melanocytes functionality, the surrounding keratinocytes and extracellular matrix proteins and fibroblasts in the underlying dermal compartment actively contribute to cutaneous homeostasis. Many autocrine/paracrine secreted factors and cell adhesion mechanisms involving both epidermal and dermal constituents determine constitutive skin pigmentation and, whenever deregulated, the occurrence of pigmentary disorders. In particular, an increased expression of such mediators and their specific receptors frequently lead to hyperpigmentary conditions, such as in melasma and in solar lentigo, whereas a defect in their expression/release is related to hypopigmented disorders, as seen in vitiligo. All these interactions underline the relevant role of pigmentation on human evolution and biology.
참고문헌 (88)
- Fitzpatrick TB., "The epidermal melanin unit system", Dermatol Wochenschr, 147, pp.481~489 (1963)
- Yamaguchi Y., "Physiological factors that regulate skin pigmentation", Biofactors, 35, pp.193~199 (2009)
- Staricco RJ., "Quantitative and qualitative data on the pigment cells of adult human epidermis", J Invest Dermatol, 28, pp.33~45 (1957)
- Alaluf S., "Ethnic variation in tyrosinase and TYRP1 expression in photoexposed and photoprotected human skin", Pigment Cell Res, 16, pp.35~42 (2003)
- Alaluf S., "Ethnic variation in melanin content and composition in photoexposed and photoprotected human skin", Pigment Cell Res, 15, pp.112~118 (2002)
- Rawlings AV, "Ethnic skin types : are there differences in skin structure and function?", Int J Cosmet Sci, 28, pp.79~93 (2006)
- Kadekaro AL., "Cutaneous photobiology. The melanocyte vs. the sun: who will win the final round?", Pigment Cell Res, 16, pp.434~447 (2003)
- Smith SS., "An essay on the causes of the variety of complexion and figure in the human species" (1965), Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
- Mitchell J., "An essay upon the causes of the different colours of people in different climates", Phil Trans, 43, pp.102~150
- Jablonski NG., "The evolution of human skin coloration", J Hum Evol, 39, pp.57~106 (2000)
- Sturm RA., "Molecular genetics of human pigmentation diversity", Hum Mol Genet, 18, pp.R9~R17 (2009)
- Sulem P., "Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans", Nat Genet, 39, pp.1443~1452 (2007)
- Han J., "A genome-wide association study identifies novel alleles associated with hair color and skin pigmentation", PLoS Genet, 4, pp.e1000074~ (2008)
- Rees JL, "The melanocortin 1 receptor(MC1R) : more than just red hair", Pigment Cell Res, 13, pp.135~140 (2000)
- Böhm M., "Melanocortin receptor ligands : new horizons for skin biology and clinical dermatology", J Invest Dermatol, 126, pp.1966~1975 (2006)
- Smith R., "Melanocortin 1 receptor variants in an Irish population", J Invest Dermatol, 111, pp.119~122 (1998)
- John PR., "DNA polymorphism and selection at the melanocortin-1 receptor gene in normally pigmented southern African individuals", Ann N Y Acad Sci, 994, pp.299~306 (2003)
- Cui R., "Central role of p53 in the suntan response and pathologic hyperpigmentation", Cell, 128, pp.853~864 (2007)
- Tada A., "Endothelin-1 is a paracrine growth factor that modulates melanogenesis of human melanocytes and participates in their responses to ultraviolet radiation", Cell Growth Differ, 9, pp.575~584 (1998)
- Imokawa G, "Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders", Pigment Cell Res, 17, pp.96~110 (2004)
- Murase D., "The essential role of p53 in hyperpigmentation of the skin via regulation of paracrine melanogenic cytokine receptor signaling", J Biol Chem, 284, pp.4343~4353 (2009)
- Tomita Y., "Melanocyte-stimulating properties of arachidonic acid metabolites : possible role in postinflammatory pigmentation", Pigment Cell Res, 5, pp.357~361 (1992)
- Kovacs D., "The eumelanin intermediate 5, 6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid is a messenger in the cross-talk among epidermal cells", J Invest Dermatol, 132, pp.1196~1205 (2012)
- Candille SI., "A-defensin mutation causes black coat color in domestic dogs", Science, 318, pp.1418~1423 (2007)
- Swope VB., "Defining MC1R regulation in human melanocytes by its agonist α-melanocortin and antagonists agouti signaling protein and β-defensin3", J Invest Dermatol, 132, pp.2255~2262 (2012)
- Jarrett SG., "Defining the contribution of MC1R physiological ligands to ATR phosphorylation at Ser435, a predictor of DNA repair in melanocytes", J Invest Dermatol, 135, pp.3086~3095 (2015)
- Hedley S., "Investigation of the influence of extracellular matrix proteins on normal human melanocyte morphology and melanogenic activity", Br J Dermatol, 135, pp.888~897 (1996)
- Hara M., "Role of integrins in melanocyte attachment and dendricity", J Cell Sci, 107, pp.2739~2748 (1994)
- Choi W., "The fibroblast-derived paracrine factor neuregulin-1 has a novel role in regulating the constitutive color and melanocyte function in human skin", J Cell Sci, 123, pp.3102~3111 (2010)
- Yamaguchi Y., "Regulation of skin pigmentation and thickness by Dickkopf 1(DKK1)", J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 14, pp.73~75 (2009)
- Cardinali G., "Keratinocyte growth factor promotes melanosome transfer to keratinocytes", J Invest Dermatol, 125, pp.1190~1199 (2005)
- Cardinali G., "Melanosome transfer promoted by keratinocyte growth factor in light and dark skin-derived keratinocytes", J Invest Dermatol, 128, pp.558~567 (2008)
- Kovacs D., "Role of fibroblast-derived growth factors in regulating hyperpigmentation of solar lentigo", Br J Dermatol, 163, pp.1020~1027 (2010)
- Chen N., "The role of keratinocyte growth factor in melanogenesis : a possible mechanism for the initiation of solar lentigines", Exp Dermatol, 19, pp.865~872 (2010)
- Snell RS, "The pigmentary changes occurring in the breast skin during pregnancy and following estrogen treatment", J Invest Dermatol, 43, pp.181~186 (1964)
- Wilson MJ., "The melanogenic response to testosterone in scrotal epidermis : effects on tyrosinase activity and protein synthesis", Acta Endocrinol(Copenh), 81, pp.435~448 (1976)
- Elias PM, "The skin barrier as an innate immune element", Semin Immunopathol, 29, pp.3~14 (2007)
- Si J., "Genetic associations and shared environmental effects on the skin microbiome of Korean twins", BMC Genomics, 16, pp.992~1002 (2015)
- Elias PM., "Structural and lipid biochemical correlates of the epidermal permeability barrier", Adv Lipid Res, 24, pp.1~26 (1991)
- Guilloteau K., "Skin inflammation induced by the synergistic action of IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, IL-1{alpha}, and TNF-{alpha} recapitulates some features of psoriasis", J Immunol, 184, pp.5263~5270 (2010)
- Liang SC., "Interleukin(IL)-22 and IL-17 are coexpressed by Th17 cells and cooperatively enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides", J Exp Med, 203, pp.2271~2279 (2006)
- Gläser R., "UV-B radiation induces the expression of antimicrobial peptides in human keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo", J Allergy Clin Immunol, 123, pp.1117~1123 (2009)
- Elias PM., "Barrier requirements as the evolutionary"driver"of epidermal pigmentation in humans", Am J Hum Biol, 22, pp.526~537 (2010)
- Jung SE., "Changes of epidermal thickness in vitiligo", Am J Dermatopathol, 37, pp.289~292 (2015)
- Ganju P., "Microbial community profiling shows dysbiosis in the lesional skin of Vitiligo subjects", Sci Rep, 6, pp.18761~ (2016)
- Maresca V., "Linking αMSH with PPARγ in B16-F10 melanoma", Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 26, pp.113~127 (2013)
- Buscà R., "Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation", Pigment Cell Res, 13, pp.60~69 (2000)
- Herraiz C., "Signaling from the human melanocortin 1 receptor to ERK1 and ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinases involves transactivation of cKIT", Mol Endocrinol, 25, pp.138~156 (2011)
- Bellei B., "Inhibition of melanogenesis by the pyridinyl imidazole class of compounds: possible involvement of the Wnt", β-catenin signaling pathway, 2012, pp.7, e33021~
- Kang HY., "Expression and function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in human melanocytes", Br J Dermatol, 150, pp.462~468 (2004)
- Flori E., "2, 4, 6-Octatrienoic acid is a novel promoter of melanogenesis and antioxidant defence in normal human melanocytes via PPAR-γ activation", Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 24, pp.618~630 (2011)
- Aoki H., "Gene expression profiling analysis of solar lentigo in relation to immunohistochemical characteristics", Br J Dermatol, 156, pp.1214~1223 (2007)
- Lin CB., "Immuno-histochemical evaluation of solar lentigines : The association of KGF", KGFR and other factors with lesion development, 2010, pp.59, 91~97
- Salducci M., "Factors secreted by irradiated aged fibroblasts induce solar lentigo in pigmented reconstructed epidermis", Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 27, pp.502~504 (2014)
- Duval C., "Key regulatory role of dermal fibroblasts in pigmentation as demonstrated using a reconstructed skin model: impact of photo-aging", PLoS One, 9, pp.e114182~ (2014)
- Kiyotaka Hasegawa, "Possible Involvement of Keratinocyte Growth Factor in the Persistence of Hyperpigmentation in both Human Facial Solar Lentigines and Melasma", Annals of Dermatology, 27(5), pp.626~629 (2015), 대한피부과학회
- Iriyama S., "Hyperpigmentation in human solar lentigo is promoted by heparanase-induced loss of heparan sulfate chains at the dermal-epidermal junction", J Dermatol Sci, 64, pp.223~228 (2011)
- Miot LD., "Morphologic changes and the expression of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and melanocortin-1 receptor in melasma lesions : a comparative study", Am J Dermatopathol, 32, pp.676~682 (2010)
- Kang HY., "The dermal stem cell factor and c-kit are overexpressed in melasma", Br J Dermatol, 154, pp.1094~1099 (2006)
- Lee DJ., "Pendulous melanocytes : a characteristic feature of melasma and how it may occur", Br J Dermatol, 166, pp.684~686 (2012)
- Torres-Álvarez B., "Histochemical and immunohistochemical study in melasma : evidence of damage in the basal membrane", Am J Dermatopathol, 33, pp.291~295 (2011)
- Kim EH., "The vascular characteristics of melasma", J Dermatol Sci, 46, pp.111~116 (2007)
- Kim M., "Secreted frizzled-related protein 2(sFRP2)functions as a melanogenic stimulator;the role of sFRP2 in UV-induced hyperpigmentary disorders", J Invest Dermatol, 136, pp.236~244 (2016)
- Shishido E., "The mechanism of epidermal hyperpigmentation in dermatofibroma is associated with stem cell factor and hepatocyte growth factor expression", J Invest Dermatol, 117, pp.627~633 (2001)
- Okazaki M., "The mechanism of epidermal hyperpigmentation in café-au-lait macules of neurofibromatosis type 1(von Recklinghausen's disease)may be associated with dermal fibroblast-derived stem cell factor and hepatocyte growth factor", Br J Dermatol, 148, pp.689~697 (2003)
- Cardinali G., "A kindred with familial progressive hyperpigmentation-like disorder : implication of fibroblast-derived growth factors in pigmentation", Eur J Dermatol, 19, pp.469~473 (2009)
- Lan CC., "Pigmentation in basal cell carcinoma involves enhanced endothelin-1 expression", Exp Dermatol, 14, pp.528~534 (2005)
- Teraki E., "Role of endothelin-1 in hyperpigmentation in seborrhoeic keratosis", Br J Dermatol, 135, pp.918~923 (1996)
- Picardo M., "Vitiligo", Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1, pp.15011~ (2015)
- XXII International Pigment Cell Conference(IPCC), "Bringing Colors to Life: Advances in Pigment Cell Research and Translation into Clinical Practice” Organised by the Asian Society for Pigment Cell Research (ASPCR), in partnership with the Dermatological Society of Singapore (DSS)", Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 27, pp.849~1001 (2014)
- Bellei B., "Vitiligo: a possible model of degenerative diseases", PLoS One, 8, pp.e59782~ (2013)
- Kitamura R., "Mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of melanocytes in vitiligo epidermis : role of SCF", KIT protein interactions and the downstream effector, MITF-M, 2004, pp.202, 463~475
- Moretti S., "Keratinocyte dysfunction in vitiligo epidermis : cytokine microenvironment and correlation to keratinocyte apoptosis", Histol Histopathol, 24, pp.849~857 (2009)
- Lee AY., "Less keratinocyte-derived factors related to more keratinocyte apoptosis in depigmented than normally pigmented suction-blistered epidermis may cause passive melanocyte death in vitiligo", J Invest Dermatol, 124, pp.976~983 (2005)
- Moretti S., "New insights into the pathogenesis of vitiligo : imbalance of epidermal cytokines at sites of lesions", Pigment Cell Res, 15, pp.87~92 (2002)
- Wagner RY., "Altered e-cadherin levels and distribution in melanocytes precede clinical manifestations of vitiligo", J Invest Dermatol, 135, pp.1810~1819 (2015)
- Le Poole IC., "Tenascin is overexpressed in vitiligo lesional skin and inhibits melanocyte adhesion", Br J Dermatol, 137, pp.171~178 (1997)
- Ricard AS., "Study of CCN3(NOV)and DDR1 in normal melanocytes and vitiligo skin", Exp Dermatol, 21, pp.411~416 (2012)
- Oh SH., "DKK1 is highly expressed in the dermis of vitiligo lesion : is there association between DKK1 and vitiligo?", J Dermatol Sci, 66, pp.163~165 (2012)
- Purpura V., "Decreased expression of KGF", FGF7 and its receptor in pathological hypopigmentation, 2014, pp.18, 2553~2557
- Nishimura EK, "Melanocyte stem cells : a melanocyte reservoir in hair follicles for hair and skin pigmentation", Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 24, pp.401~410 (2011)
- Ueno M., "Coupling of the radiosensitivity of melanocyte stem cells to their dormancy during the hair cycle", Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 27, pp.540~551 (2014)
- Goldstein NB., "Narrow band ultraviolet B treatment for human vitiligo is associated with proliferation, migration, and differentiation of melanocyte precursors", J Invest Dermatol, 135, pp.2068~2076 (2015)
- Taïeb A, "The definition and assessment of vitiligo : a consensus report of the Vitiligo European Task Force", Pigment Cell Res, 20, pp.27~35 (2007)
- Esmat SM., "Acral lesions of vitiligo: why are they resistant to photochemotherapy?", J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 26, pp.1097~1104 (2012)
- Li L., "Human dermal stem cells differentiate into functional epidermal melanocytes", J Cell Sci, 123, pp.853~860 (2010)
- Okamoto N., "A melanocyte--melanoma precursor niche in sweat glands of volar skin", Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 27, pp.1039~1050 (2014)
- 장용현, "Possible Existence of Melanocytes or Melanoblasts in Human Sebaceous Glands", Annals of Dermatology, 26(4), pp.469~473 (2014), 대한피부과학회
