儒家 思想에 있어서 命의 問題

Abstract

Confucius, the grandmaster in Confucianism focused his attention in his philosophy on the question of the existential life of man rather than concentrating on exploring purely speculative existence. Based on such philosophical attitude of Confucius, we often refer to Confucian ideology as a realism philosophy. Confucius's contention, however, does not remain in the dimension of so-called the art of living for solving the various real problems given to human life with personal will or by using a selfish technology. In the consideration of all human affairs as well as mutual relationship between all things in heaven and earth around human beings, he advocates the attitude of normative and moral life where human beings must accept the way of heaven and follow it, because human beings depend on the operation law of heaven (heavenly way), which is the principle of heaven, earth and nature as well as the basis of existence, On the other hand, the confucianism establishes the path of realizing the principle of heaven on earth as the concept of 'allotment by heaven' which is the word of the saint, linguistic efficacy of man. Furthermore, he defines the personal existence in the beginning, born with the allotment by heaven, as 'the people', and suggests the ultimate idea that heaven gave birth to the people as 'the daily life of the people who enjoy meaning of life in heaven and earth'. In addition, heaven has presented to the people on the earth the leader of the earth (Gunja君子, a man of virtue), who is an agent of heaven to realize the heavenly way for the life of the people. Therefore, if we intend to understand the will of heaven correctly on the earth, and serve as a Gunja to rule the world in compliance with the heavenly way(reign business), we shall learn the words of the saints (學), and on the other hand, teach ethics and morals to the people on the earth(敎), so that they can live like decent persons, and achieve the peaceful world in which the daily life of the people lives together with all things of heaven and earth by controlling the civilization and institutions. This is the world of united harmony as the idea the heavenly way originally aimed for, and Mencius' calls the royal politics of Gunja to realize this as '與民同樂, sharing happiness with the people'. In the Confucian society, such a life evolution process of all things in heaven and on the earth is clarified to be the speculation system of creation and neutralization, and the ultimate idea pursued by human beings is understood as the completion of '天人合一, unity of heaven and man'. For this reason, this paper defined 'the system and the path', in which 'heaven' and 'man' mutually orient themselves to realize, transmit and receive their personality and life characteristics, as an issue of 'life' which is the linguistic basis of man, and summarized the 'process of communication and unification between heaven and man' in terms of 'harmony of life'. Through this, 'allotment by heaven' as the path through which the personality characteristics of heaven is realized, the life of man and all things as the objects pursued by the 'order' of heaven, and the mission as a rational personality characteristics that mutually harmonizes and unifies the life in the dimension of heaven and the life in the dimension of all things are speculated in the individual standpoint of the saints, Gunja and people to prepare an academic opportunity for deepening and expanding the philosophical structure of Confucian ideology.