주희 인심도심론의 윤리학적 성격에 대한 고찰 - 본체론 비판 및 ‘지각’론의 정립과 관련하여 -

Abstract

This paper intends to elucidate that Zhu Xi's theory of human mind and moral mind (renxin 人心 and daoxin 道心, HMMM hereafter) was established according to his project to set up systematical ethics by criticizing the benti 本體 theory (Chinese traditional ontology) and self-cultivation theory. Through the dispute with Hunan school, Zhu Xi realized that there is a critical difference between Buddhism-Taoism and Confucianism: Confucianism has moral philosophy connected with epistemology, the core of which is the theory of HMMM. After that, Zhu Xi established the theory of HMMM by switching from the benti theory to the meta-analysis of zhijue 知覺 (cognitive activity) from the epistemological point of view. According to his thought, while HM stands for the sense perception formed from body, MM means the awareness of moral imperative issued from human nature. All human beings have both of them, and MM can be manifested only in the middle of HM. The core of Zhu Xi's ethics of HMMM lies in the free will which has to choose between HM and MM. Zhu Xi's ethics shows the characteristics of deontology and moral autonomy which make internal motivation and imperative as moral criterion rejecting any external authority including virtue and ritual (li, 禮). This is a distinctive aspect differentiated from traditional Confucianism such as Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi which centered on virtue and ritual. However, we need to regard Zhu Xi's theory of HMMM as the inclusive and universal ethics needed for the future.