미국에서의 친권결정에 관한 연구
A Study on the Determination of Child Custody in the United States
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Abstract
As commonly acknowledged around the world, parents basically have legal joint custody of the child when they are in marital status in U.S. Though U.S Constitution does not have definite provisions about this, parental right of custody is usually protected under the Constitution. However, without a joint custody presumption when parents are divorced, many courts opted to award sole custody to the mother, thereby furthering a stereotypical maternal preference “rule” and ignoring fathers’ rights to participate in their children’s lives. Partly because of the law’s marginalization of the non-custodial parent, for far too many fathers divorce signaled not only an end to marriage, but an end to any real parenting role. With the erosion of the “tender years” presumption and the advent of fathers taking a more active role in raising their children, fathers began seeking custody in greater numbers in the mid of 1970s. In this situation, there are some issues to be considered such as whether the child custody should be given to a parent or to the parents with related with the child’s best interest when they divorce, and under what standards joint custody can be allowed. Unlike joint custody of a child of married parents, the custody of an unmarried parent traditionally belongs to his mother and the father is excluded from the custody. Since 1970s, states questioned the wisdom of the tender years doctrine. In an effort to eliminate the gender-based presumption of the doctrine, states began to advocate the primary caretaker presumption under the Non-Marital Parentage Act.
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