선박평형수관리협약의 시행상의 한계와 향후 과제
A Study on Restriction of Implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, and its Future Tasks
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해양환경의 보호 및 보전에 관하여 해양법협약은 제12장에 별도의 조항을 가지고 있으나 세부적인 규칙에 관한 내용보다는 일반적인 권리와 의무에 관한 내용을 중심으로 규정되어 있다. 국제해사기구는 해상안전, 해양오염방지 등에 있어 사실상(de facto)의 규범적 관할권을 가지고 있으며, 이 가운데 선박이 복원성을 확보하기 위하여 주입하는 평형수가 다른 지역에서 배출될 경우 유해수중생물 및 병원균의 이동과 유입을 유발하여 생물다양성의 보존과 친환경적인 이용을 위협할 수 있다는 우려를 방지하고자 선박평형수관리협약을 채택하였다. 이는 해양법협약의 목표를 구체적으로 이행하는데 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 기대하고 있다. 그러나 동 협약이 2004년 채택 이후 장기간 회원국의 노력 끝에 2017년 발효되면서 궁극적으로 D-2규칙에 따른 배출수 처리방식의 불안정성, 형식승인의 기준 변경에 따른 이해당사자의 부담이 증가하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 여전히 많은 국가들이 동 협약을 수용하지 않고 별도의 규정을 제시함으로써 선박 운항상의 통일된 업무를 수행하지 못하는 문제점이 제기되고 있다. 이 논문에서는 환경협약 특성상 법률과 기술의 개발 사의의 상호연관성에 따른 협약의 불필요한 지연으로 인한 이해관계자의 피해방지 조치, 협약채택 이후 발효시기까지의 장기간의 시간적 간극을 해소하기 위한 조치의 필요성, 항만국통제관의 통제능력 강화조치 및 선박평형수관리협약의 강행법규로서 지위확보의 필요성 등을 대안으로 제시한다.
Abstract
Concerning the protection and conservation of the marine environment, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 has separate provisions in Chapter 12, but it focuses on general rights and obligations rather than on detailed rules. International Maritime Organizations has de facto normative jurisdiction over maritime safety and marine pollution prevention. Among them, in order to prevent the fear that the ballast water injected by ships for stability of ships may cause the movement and inflow of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens and threaten the preservation of biodiversity and environmentally friendly use, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments has been adopted. It is expected that it will play an important role in specifically implementing the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, as the Convention entered into force in September 2017 after a long period of Member States' efforts since the adoption of the Convention in 2004, it has identified problems in terms of implementation, e.g. instability of the effluent treatment in accordance with the D-2 rule, and increased burden on stakeholders due to changes in standards for type approval, non-unified duties on ship operation by presenting their own regulations without accepting the Convention from lots of countries. This paper proposes to take measures as the nature of environmental conventions, the prevention of stakeholder damage caused by the unnecessary delays of the Convention due to the correlation between the law and the development of technology, the necessity of necessary measures for frying the long gap between the adoption and implementation of the convention, strengthened control capability of the port state control, and the necessity of the status of the convention as compulsory.
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