SOLAS 협약 개정안의 조기이행에 대한 연구
A Study on the Early Implementation of SOLAS Amendments
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초록
해상에서의 인명안전을 위한 국제협약(SOLAS)은 안전에 관한 IMO해사협약 중 가장 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 국제해사기구(IMO)의 해사안전위원회(MSC)는 높은 수준의 해상안전에 대한 기준이 유지될 수 있도록 SOLAS를 지속적으로 개정해 나가고 있다. 하지만, 빈번한 SOLAS의 개정은 당사국이나 선사, 조선소 등 규정의 수요자 측면에서 많은 협약개정안의 이행을 단시간에 준비해야 하는 등의 부작용을 낳게 되었고, IMO는 이러한 문제를 해결하고자 2016년부터 SOLAS 개정안의 4년주기 발효체제를 도입하게 되었다. 4년주기 발효체제 하에서는 SOLAS 개정사항이 4년마다 일괄적으로 발효하기 때문에 예측가능성을 높여주어 효과적인 협약이행에 긍정적인 측면으로 작용할 것으로 예상하고 있다. 반면에 SOLAS 개정사항이 채택 후 발효되기까지 걸리는 시간이 상대적으로 길어져 신속한 적용이 요구되는 규정의 경우에는 발효일까지 기다려야 되는 부작용도 생기게 되었다. IMO에서는 이와 같은 부작용을 해결하기 위해 SOLAS 개정사항에 대한 조기이행요구가 증가하게 되었지만, 이러한 조기이행은 4년주기 발효체제의 취지에 부합하지 않고 그 법적근거가 명확하지 않아 논란이 되었다. 이 논문에서는 SOLAS 개정안의 조기이행의 법적근거에 대한 최근 IMO MSC 회의에서의 논의를 조약법협약 제25조(잠정적 적용) 및 제79조(조약문 또는 인증등본상의 착오정정)를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 그리고, 이러한 논의의 결과로 마련된 자발적 조기이행 절차 및 관련 회람문서들이 대한민국에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하고, 관련 국내규정의 정비 등 국내적 이행방안에 대하여 제시하였다.
Abstract
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS), among IMO international maritime conventions, plays the most important role in the field of the maritime safety. The IMO Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) keeps updating SOLAS in order to maintain the highest safety standards. However, the frequent amendments to SOLAS had led to difficulties of stakeholders such as SOLAS Contracting States, shipowners, shipbuilders, etc. in preparing their implementation within a short period of time. To solve this problem, IMO introduced 4-year cycle scheme of entry into force of SOLAS amendments(including those to its technical codes) in 2016. Under this scheme, SOLAS amendments enter into force every 4 years, where it is easier for the stakeholders having predictability to prepare implementation of the amendments, leading to the effective implementation. On the other hand, under this scheme, the stakeholders have to wait the entry into force of the amendments longer than in the previous scheme and this leads to the increase of the case where stakeholders request the early implementation of amendments which are usually related to relaxation or exemption. The early implementation of amendments to SOLAS may, however, lack international legal basis and be in conflict with the original intent of the 4-year cycle of entry into force. With this background, this paper carries out the review on the recent discussions in IMO MSC regarding the international legal basis of early implementation of SOLAS amendments, focusing on Article 25(Provisional application) and Article 79(Correction of errors in texts or in certified copies of treaties) of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Furthermore, this paper conducts the review on documents approved by MSC 98 with regard to implementation of SOLAS amendments and analyze their impacts on the Republic of Korea and suggests the direction our country should take with this regard.
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