Assessment of Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Exposure by Urinary Metabolites as a Function of Sampling Time
2
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Objectives: In most DEHP exposure assessment studies, single spot urine sample was used. It could not compare the exposure level among studies. Therefore, we are going to represent the necessity of selection of proper sampling time of spot urine for assessing the environmental DEHP exposure, and the association urinary DEHP metabolites with steroid hormones. Methods: We collected urine and plasma from 25 men. The urine sampling times were at the end of the shift (post-shift)and the next morning before the beginning of the shift (pre-shift). Three metabolites of DEHP {mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate [MEHP], mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate [MEHHP], and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate [MEOHP]}in urine were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. Plasma luteinzing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, and 17β-estradiol were measured at pre-shift using a ELISA kit. A log-transformed creatinine-adjusted urinary MEHP, MEHHP, and MEOHP concentration were compared between the post- and pre-shift. The Pearson’s correlation was calculated to assess the relationships between log-transformed urinary MEHP concentrations in pre-shift urine and hormone levels. Results: The three urinary metabolite concentrations at post-shift were significantly higher than the concentrations in the pre-shift (p<0.0001). The plasma hormones were not significantly correlated with log-transformed creatinine - adjusted DEHP metabolites. Conclusions: To assess the environmental DEHP exposure, it is necessary to select the urine sampling time according to the study object. There were no correlation between the concentration of urinary DEHP metabolites and serum hormone levels.
Abstract
Objectives: In most DEHP exposure assessment studies, single spot urine sample was used. It could not compare the exposure level among studies. Therefore, we are going to represent the necessity of selection of proper sampling time of spot urine for assessing the environmental DEHP exposure, and the association urinary DEHP metabolites with steroid hormones. Methods: We collected urine and plasma from 25 men. The urine sampling times were at the end of the shift (post-shift)and the next morning before the beginning of the shift (pre-shift). Three metabolites of DEHP {mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate [MEHP], mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate [MEHHP], and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate [MEOHP]}in urine were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. Plasma luteinzing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, and 17β-estradiol were measured at pre-shift using a ELISA kit. A log-transformed creatinine-adjusted urinary MEHP, MEHHP, and MEOHP concentration were compared between the post- and pre-shift. The Pearson’s correlation was calculated to assess the relationships between log-transformed urinary MEHP concentrations in pre-shift urine and hormone levels. Results: The three urinary metabolite concentrations at post-shift were significantly higher than the concentrations in the pre-shift (p<0.0001). The plasma hormones were not significantly correlated with log-transformed creatinine - adjusted DEHP metabolites. Conclusions: To assess the environmental DEHP exposure, it is necessary to select the urine sampling time according to the study object. There were no correlation between the concentration of urinary DEHP metabolites and serum hormone levels.
참고문헌 (40)
- Heudorf U, "Phthalates:toxicology and exposure", Int J Hyg Environ Health, 210(5), pp.623~634 (2007)
- "Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk tohumans: some industrial chemicals and dyestuffs, Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate"[URL]
- Fay M, "ATSDR evaluation of health effects of chemicals. VI. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry", Toxicol Ind Health, 15(8), pp.651~746 (1999)
- Kavlock R, "NTP-CERHR Expert Panel Update on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of di(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate", Reprod Toxicol, 22(3), pp.291~399 (2006)
- "BIS (2- ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE (DEHP). European Commission. 2008"[URL]
- "Chemical release inventory report"[URL]
- Fisher JS, "Human ‘testicular dysgenesis syndrome’: a possible model using inutero exposure of the rat to dibutyl phthalate", Hum Reprod, 18(7), pp.1383~1394 (2003)
- Gray LE Jr, "Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat", Toxicol Sci, 58(2), pp.350~365 (2000)
- Jones HB, "The influence of phthalate esters on Leydig cell structure and function in vitro and in vivo", Exp Mol Pathol, 58(3), pp.179~193 (1993)
- Akingbemi BT, "Modulation of rat Leydig cell steroidogenic function by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate", Biol Reprod, 65(4), pp.1252~1259 (2001)
- Ge RS, "Biphasic effects of postnatal exposure to diethylhexylphthalate on the timing of puberty in male rats", J Androl, 28(4), pp.513~520 (2007)
- Gray TJ, "Testicular toxicity in vitro: Sertoli-germ cell cocultures as a model system", Food Chem Toxicol, 24(6), pp.601~605 (1986)
- Swan SH, "Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure", Environ Health Perspect, 113(8), pp.1056~1061 (2005)
- Main KM, "Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age", Environ Health Perspect, 114(2), pp.270~276 (2006)
- Pan G, "Decreased serum free testosterone in workers exposed to high levels of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP): a crosssectional study in China", Environ Health Perspect, 114(11), pp.1643~1648 (2006)
- Duty SM, "Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters", Epidemiology, 14(3), pp.269~277 (2003)
- Hauser R, "Altered semen quality in relation to urinary concentrations of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites", Epidemiology, 17(6), pp.682~691 (2006)
- Meeker JD, "Urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate are associated with decreased steroid hormone levels in adult men", J Androl, 30(3), pp.287~297 (2009)
- Latini G, "Monitoring phthalate exposure in humans", Clin Chim Acta, 361(1), pp.20~29 (2005)
- Silva MJ, "Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the U.S. population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000", Environ Health Perspect, 112(3), pp.331~338 (2004)
- Barr DB, "Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers", Environ Health Perspect, 111(9), pp.1148~1151 (2003)
- 고영림, "LC", MS, 한국환경보건학회지, pp.2008, 34(4)[DOI]
- Koo HJ, "Human monitoring of phthalates and risk assessment", J Toxicol Environ Health A, 68(16), pp.1379~1392 (2005)
- 양윤정, "고속액체크로마토그래피-가시선", 자외선 검출기를 이용한 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 검출 방법 검증과 일부 한국 성인 남성 혈액 중 DEHP 정량, 2005, pp.17(1), 70~78[DOI]
- Albro PW, "Pharmacokinetics interactions with macromolecules and species differences in metabolism of DEHP", Environ Health Perspect, 45, pp.19~25 (1982)
- Schmid P, "Excretion and metabolism of di(2- ethylhexyl)phthalate in man", Xenobiotica, 15(3), pp.251~256 (1985)
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), "In: Toxicological Profile for Di(2- ethylhexyl)phthalate, Final report, ATSDR, Public Health Service, U.S", Department of Health and Human Services, 171~ (1993), ATSDR[DOI]
- Fromme H, "Occurrence and daily variation of phthalate metabolites in the urine of an adult population", Int J Hyg Environ Health, 210(1), pp.21~33 (2007)
- Silva MJ, "Measurement of eight urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment", Biomarkers, 11(1), pp.1~13 (2006)
- Hines CJ, "Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among workers in selected industries: a pilot biomonitoring study", Ann Occup Hyg, 53(1), pp.1~17 (2009)
- Koch HM, "Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) metabolites in human urine and serum after a single oral dose of deuterium-labelled DEHP", Arch Toxicol, 78(3), pp.123~130 (2004)
- Herr C, "Urinary di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)-metabolites and male human markers of reproductive function", Int J Hyg Environ Health, 212(6), pp.648~653 (2009)
- Dirven HA, "Metabolites of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in urine samples of workers in polyvinylchloride processing industries", Int Arch Environ Health, 64(8), pp.549~554 (1993)
- Koch HM, "Internal exposure of the general population to DEHP and other phthalates-determination of secondary and primary phthalate monoester metabolites in urine", Environ Res, 93(2), pp.177~185 (2003)
- Kato K, "Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment to di-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate", Environ Health Perspect, 112(3), pp.327~330 (2004)
- Kato K, "Determination of three phthalate metabolites in human urine using on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry", J Chromatogr B Aanlyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 788(2), pp.407~411 (2003)
- Duty SM, "Phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones in adult men", Hum Reprod, 20(3), pp.604~610 (2005)
- Borch J, "Mechanisms underlying the anti-androgenic effects of diethylhexyl phthalate in fetal rat testis", Toxicology, 223(1), pp.144~155 (2006)
- Jonsson BAG, "Urinary phthalate metabolites and biomarkers of reproductive function in young men", Epidemiology, 16(4), pp.487~493 (2005)
- Foster PM, "Effects of phthalate esters on the developing reproductive tract of male rats", Hum Reprod Update, 7(3), pp.231~235 (2001)