Mortality Burden Due to Short-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in Korea
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Objectives: Excess mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) has been documented. However, research on the disease burden following short-term exposure is scarce. We investigated the cause-specific mortality burden of short-term exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> by considering the potential non-linear concentration–response relationship in Korea.Methods: Daily cause-specific mortality rates and PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure levels from 2010 to 2019 were collected for 8 Korean cities and 9 provinces. A generalized additive mixed model was employed to estimate the non-linear relationship between PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and cause-specific mortality levels. We assumed no detrimental health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations below 15 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. Overall deaths attributable to short-term PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure were estimated by summing the daily numbers of excess deaths associated with ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure.Results: Of the 2 749 704 recorded deaths, 2 453 686 (89.2%) were non-accidental, 591 267 (21.5%) were cardiovascular, and 141 066 (5.1%) were respiratory in nature. A non-linear relationship was observed between all-cause mortality and exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> at lag0, whereas linear associations were evident for cause-specific mortalities. Overall, 10 814 all-cause, 7855 non-accidental, 1642 cardiovascular, and 708 respiratory deaths were attributed to short-term exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub>. The estimated number of all-cause excess deaths due to short-term PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure in 2019 was 1039 (95% confidence interval, 604 to 1472).Conclusions: Our findings indicate an association between short-term PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and various mortality rates (all-cause, non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory) in Korea over the period from 2010 to 2019. Consequently, action plans should be developed to reduce deaths attributable to short-term exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub>.
Abstract
Objectives: Excess mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) has been documented. However, research on the disease burden following short-term exposure is scarce. We investigated the cause-specific mortality burden of short-term exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> by considering the potential non-linear concentration–response relationship in Korea.Methods: Daily cause-specific mortality rates and PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure levels from 2010 to 2019 were collected for 8 Korean cities and 9 provinces. A generalized additive mixed model was employed to estimate the non-linear relationship between PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and cause-specific mortality levels. We assumed no detrimental health effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations below 15 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. Overall deaths attributable to short-term PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure were estimated by summing the daily numbers of excess deaths associated with ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure.Results: Of the 2 749 704 recorded deaths, 2 453 686 (89.2%) were non-accidental, 591 267 (21.5%) were cardiovascular, and 141 066 (5.1%) were respiratory in nature. A non-linear relationship was observed between all-cause mortality and exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> at lag0, whereas linear associations were evident for cause-specific mortalities. Overall, 10 814 all-cause, 7855 non-accidental, 1642 cardiovascular, and 708 respiratory deaths were attributed to short-term exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub>. The estimated number of all-cause excess deaths due to short-term PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure in 2019 was 1039 (95% confidence interval, 604 to 1472).Conclusions: Our findings indicate an association between short-term PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and various mortality rates (all-cause, non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory) in Korea over the period from 2010 to 2019. Consequently, action plans should be developed to reduce deaths attributable to short-term exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub>.
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