Pacifism or Peace Movement?: Hiroshima Memory Debates and Political Compromises
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper explores the complicated workings of Japan’s mnemonic praxis in its establishment of moral authority. The atomic bombing of Hiroshima was a decisive moment inaugurating Japan as the torch-bearer of pacifism. Given Japan’s ideational multiplicity as the victim and the victimizer, its pacifist ideology needs further examinations in conceptual and empirical manifestations. This research situates the ambivalent amnesia and political compromises demonstrated during the renovation project of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum from 1985 until 1994. As for a nation yet to achieve meaningful reconciliation over the past with Asian neighbors, the political divide opens room for utilitarian considerations in its pacifist discourse. The Hiroshima experience suggests that Japan’s pacifism can be a problematic representation given its selective mnemonic praxis and situational ethics. This paper argues that Japanese pacifism should be redefined as ‘pacifist movement.’ Pacifism is foundational ethics, whereas pacifist movement accommodates political contextualization.
Abstract
This paper explores the complicated workings of Japan’s mnemonic praxis in its establishment of moral authority. The atomic bombing of Hiroshima was a decisive moment inaugurating Japan as the torch-bearer of pacifism. Given Japan’s ideational multiplicity as the victim and the victimizer, its pacifist ideology needs further examinations in conceptual and empirical manifestations. This research situates the ambivalent amnesia and political compromises demonstrated during the renovation project of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum from 1985 until 1994. As for a nation yet to achieve meaningful reconciliation over the past with Asian neighbors, the political divide opens room for utilitarian considerations in its pacifist discourse. The Hiroshima experience suggests that Japan’s pacifism can be a problematic representation given its selective mnemonic praxis and situational ethics. This paper argues that Japanese pacifism should be redefined as ‘pacifist movement.’ Pacifism is foundational ethics, whereas pacifist movement accommodates political contextualization.
참고문헌 (67)
- Barkan, Elazar, "Taking Wrongs Seriously: Apologies and Reconciliation" (2006), Stanford University Press
- Barthel, Diane L., "Historical Preservation: Collective Memory and Historical Identity" (1996), Rutgers University Press
- Buruma, Ian, "The Wages of Guilt: Memories of War in Germany and Japan" (1995), A Meridian Book
- Chung, Chai-sik, "Between Principle and Situation: Contrasting Styles in the Japanese and Korean Traditions of Moral Culture", Philosophy East & West, 56, pp.253~280 (2006)
- The City of Hiroshima, "Peace Declaration", ~ (1991)
- Connerton, Paul, "How Societies Remember (Themes in the Social Sciences)" (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Conrad, Sabastian, "Entangled Memories: Visions of the Past in Germany and Japan, 1945-2001", Journal of Contemporary History, 38(1), pp.85~99 (2003)
- Doosje, Bertjan, "Guilt by Association: When One’s Group Has a Negative History", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(4), pp.872~886 (1998)
- Dower, John, "Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II" (1993), W.W. Norton and Company
- Dower, John, "Japan in War & Peace: Selected Essays" (1993), New Press
- Dower, John, "Triumphal and Tragic Narratives of the War in Asia, Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age, Armonk" (1997), M.E
- Downey, John K., "Suffering as Common Ground, Constructing Human Rights in the Age of Globalization" (2003), M.E. Sharpe
- Field, Norma, "War and Apology: Japan, Asia, the Fiftieth, and After", Positions, 5(1), pp.2~49 (1997)
- Fukuoka, Kazuya, "Collective Memory and External Others: Explaining Japan’s Ideational Shift on War Memories in the 1990s, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Political Science" (2007), University of Georgia, Athens
- Galtung, Johan, "Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization" (1996), International Peace Research Institute
- Gluck, Carol, "The Past in the Present, In A. Gordon, ed., Postwar Japan as History", pp.64~95 (1993), A. Gordon
- Hardacre, Helen, "Sinto and the State, 1868-1988, Princeton" (1989), Princeton University Press
- Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi, "Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan, Cambridge" (2005), The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
- Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi, "Introduction,” In T. Hasegawa, ed., The End of the Pacific War: Reappraisals, Stanford", Stanford University Press
- Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation, "Peace Declarations" (1987), Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation
- Hosoka, Masayusu, "The Emperor, the War, and the Issue of Responsibility", pp.52~57 (2006), Japan Echo
- Igarashi, Yoshikuni, "Bodies of Memory: Narratives of War in Postwar Japanese Culture, 1945-1970" (1999), Princeton University Press
- Ienaga, Saburo, "Pacific War, 1931-1945" (1979), Pantheon
- Irokawa, Daikichi, "The Age of Hirohito: In Search of Modern Japan" (1995), The Free Press
- Isao, Kumakura, "The Culture of Ma", pp.56~60 (2007), Japan Echo
- The Japan Times, "New A-bomb museum chief to revamp exhibits", June 10, ~ (2006)
- Jenkins, Craig, "The Politics of Insurgency: Farm Worker Movements of the 1960s" (1985), Columbia University Press
- Jenkins, Craig, "Introduction, The Politics of Social Protest: Comparative Perspectives on States and Social Movements" (1995), University of Minnesota Press
- Katzenstein, Peter J., "Cultural Norms & National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan" (1996), Cornell University Press
- Kawai, Hayao, "The Japanese Psyche: Major Motifs in the Fairy Tales of Japan, Greene" (2006), Spring Publishing
- Kodansha Bilingual Books, "Keys to the Japanese Heart and Soul" (2005), TokyoKodansha
- Kraft, Robert N., "Memory Perceived: Recalling the Holocaust (Psychological Dimensions to War and Peace)" (2002), Praeger
- Kumai, Masao, "Why We Did Not Resist the Military Orders?, Senso: The Japanese Remember the Pacific War: Letters to the Editor of Asahi Shimbun" (2006), M.E. Sharpe
- Le Goff, Jacques, "History and Memory, Columbia" (1992), Columbia University Press
- Lifton, Robert Jay, "The Protean Self: Human Resilience in an Age of Fragmentation" (1999), The University of Chicago Press
- McVeigh, Brian J., "Nationalisms of Japan: Managing and Mystufying Identity" (2004), Rowan and Littlefield Publishers
- Naono, Akiko, "Embracing the Dead in the Bomb’s Shadow: Journey Through the Hiroshima Memoryscape, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of California" (2002), Santa Cruz
- Nakazawa, Keiji, "Barefoot Gen: Out of the Ashes, A Cartoon Story of Hiroshima" (1994), New Society Publishers
- Napier, Susan Jolliffe, "Anime: From Akira to Pricess Mononoke" (2001), Palgrave
- Nelson, Robert S., "Introduction, Monuments and Memory, Made and Unmade" (2003), University of Chicago Press
- Orr, James J., "The Victim as Hero: Ideologies of Peace and National Identity in Postwar Japan" (2002), University of Hawaii Press
- Ricoeur, Paul, "History, Memory and Forgetting" (2004), University of Chicago Press
- Saaler, Sven, "Introduction, Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History: Colonialism, Regionalism and Borders" (2007), Routledge
- Sasaki-Uemura, Wesley, "Competing Publics: Citizens’s Groups, Mass Media, and the State in the 1960s’ Positions", Asia Cultures Critique, 10(1), pp.39~51 (2002)
- Sono, Ayako, "I Will Visit Yasukuni", Japan Echo, pp.51~54 (2005)
- Takaki, Ronald, "Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb" (1996), Back Bay Books
- Treat, John Whittier, "Writing Ground Zero: Japanese Literature and the Atomic Bomb" (1995), University of Chicago Press
- Yoneyama, Lisa, "Hiroshima Traces: Time, Space, and the Dialectics of Memory" (1999), University of California Press
- Yoshida, Shigeru, "Yoshida Shigeru: Last Meiji Man" (2007), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
- Walker, Samuel J., "Prompt and Utter Destruction: President Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs against Japan, Chapel Hill" (1997), University of North Carolina Press
- Watanabe, Tsuneo, "Who Bears What Blame", pp.44~51 (2006), Japan Echo
- 朝日新聞, "論", ~ (1970)
- 朝日新聞, "論", ~ (1973)
- 中村尙樹, "在外被爆者』は存在しない" (2006), 島平和究所 市民講座
- 島市, "島平和記念資料館更新計", ~ (2007)
- 石田 雄, "記憶と 忘却の 同化政策?戰爭責任?集合的 記憶" (2000), 明石書店
- 島市―長崎市 原爆 災害史編集委員, "島?長崎の原爆災害" (1979), 岩波書
- 店. 島平和文化センタ, "平和事典" (1991), 勁草書房
- 島, "差別ではなく共生を", ~ (2007)
- 水本 和美, "日本の平和主義と安保", ~ (2006)
- 宇夫木 哲, "原爆手記 載 書 雜誌總目錄", ~ (1999)
- 中, "新聞", ~ (1946)
- 中新聞, "論", ~ (1985)
- 中 新聞, "論", ~ (1987)
- 文藝春秋, "放言大臣 大異に吠える", ~ (1986)
- 김상준, "기억의 정치학: 야스쿠니 vs. 히로시마", 한국정치학회보, 39(5), pp.215~236 (2005), 한국정치학회
- 김준섭, "전후 일본인의 역사인식에 관한 고찰", 한국정치학회보, 34(4), pp.259~277 (2000)