미국의 조정-중재(Med-Arb) 제도에 관한 연구
A Study of Med-Arb in the United States
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초록
조정-중재제도는 조정절차의 우의성과 중재절차의 최종성을 결합한 혼종형 분쟁해결제도이다. 조정-중재는 1 단계에서 조정을 시행하고, 조정이 교착상태에 빠지게 되면, 2 단계에서 중재절차를 시행하여 분쟁을 해결하는 절차이다. 본 연구에서는 미국의 네 가지 사례분석을 통하여 조정-중재는 초기의 노동분쟁 뿐 만 아니라, 엔터테인먼트산업 분쟁, 가사분쟁인 유언분쟁, 더 나아가서 국제상사분쟁에 까지 폭넓게 사용되고 있음을 밝힘으로써 미국에서 조정-중재제도가 활발하게 사용되고 있음을 제시하였다. 우리나라는 한미FTA를 체결한 상황이어서 더욱 조정-중재 제도에 대하여 연구가 필요하다고 하겠다. 다만 조정-중재제도는 동일한 중립인이 조정인의 역할과 중재인의 역할을 동시에 수행하는 관계로, 조정-중재인이 조정단계에서 얻은 사적인 정보를 중재단계에서 활용할 가능성이 커지는 문제점을 개선할 필요가 있다고 할 것이다.
Abstract
Mediation and Arbitration are two distinct ADR processes. Their dissimilarity lies in the principle that in mediation the parties themselves decide what the resolution to the problem is, whereas in arbitration the arbitrator makes that determination. Med-Arb, hybrid of the two methods, is a fairly new ADR process dating back to the 1970s. Med-Arb capitalizes on the advantages of both mediation and arbitration, while eliminating many of their disadvantages. Mediation has the advantage of allowing for resolutions rather than decisions. Arbitration has the advantage of guaranteeing that the matter will be resolved when the procedure is over. In Med-Arb, the participants agree to be parties to mediation, and if the mediation comes to an impasse, a final settlement will be reached through arbitration. This study first explicates the origin and the development of Med-Arb in the United States. This study shows that the emergence of Med-Arb is benefited from the fact that arbitration has lost its own advantages ie, speed, cost-saving, and maintenance of an ongoing relationship between the disputants. Second, this study analyzes four cases in which Med-Arb is applied to various kinds of disputes as a tool of dispute resolution: labor disputes, entertainment disputes, will disputes, and international commercial disputes, consecutively. All those case studies show the generality of Med-Arb as a dispute resolution channel. Third, this study compares the advantages and disadvantages of Med-Arb. Finally, this study discusses the implications of Med-Arb. In particular it provides the universality of this hybrid form of dispute resolution in the East and West. For example, we show that China has its own distinctive Med-Arb system, where it has developed from ancient Confucian philosophy. Japan also emphasizes the role of an arbitrator who settles the disputes in the course of arbitration. The domestic arbitration rules of the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB) have a similar process in that arbitration contains an element of conciliation. With regard to the universal characteristics of Med-Arb, it is necessary to analyze the pros and cons of Med-Arb at a deeper level in the future. One caveat is that it is necessary to handle the issues of the neutrality of the mediator-arbitrator.
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