Feasibility study of a novel hash algorithm-based neutron activation analysis system for arms control treaty verification
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Information on isotopic composition and geometric structure is necessary for identifying a true warhead. Nevertheless, such classified information should be protected physically or electronically. With a novel Hash encryption algorithm, this paper presents a Monte Carlo-based design of a neutron activation analysis verification module. The verification module employs a thermal neutron source, a non-uniform mask (physically encrypting information about isotopic composition and geometric structure), a gamma detector array, and a Hash encryption algorithm (for electronic encryption). In the physical field, a non-uniform mask is designed to distort the characteristic gamma rays emitted by the inspected item. Furthermore, as part of the Hash algorithm, a key is introduced to encrypt the data and improve the system resolution through electronic design. In order to quantify the difference between items, Hamming distance is used, which allows data encryption and analysis simultaneously. Simulated inspections of simple objects are used to quantify system performance. It is demonstrated that the method retains superior resolution even with 1% noise level. And the performances of antistatistical attack and anti-brute force cracking are evaluated and found to be very excellent. The verification method lays a solid foundation for nuclear disarmament verification in the upcoming era.
Abstract
Information on isotopic composition and geometric structure is necessary for identifying a true warhead. Nevertheless, such classified information should be protected physically or electronically. With a novel Hash encryption algorithm, this paper presents a Monte Carlo-based design of a neutron activation analysis verification module. The verification module employs a thermal neutron source, a non-uniform mask (physically encrypting information about isotopic composition and geometric structure), a gamma detector array, and a Hash encryption algorithm (for electronic encryption). In the physical field, a non-uniform mask is designed to distort the characteristic gamma rays emitted by the inspected item. Furthermore, as part of the Hash algorithm, a key is introduced to encrypt the data and improve the system resolution through electronic design. In order to quantify the difference between items, Hamming distance is used, which allows data encryption and analysis simultaneously. Simulated inspections of simple objects are used to quantify system performance. It is demonstrated that the method retains superior resolution even with 1% noise level. And the performances of antistatistical attack and anti-brute force cracking are evaluated and found to be very excellent. The verification method lays a solid foundation for nuclear disarmament verification in the upcoming era.
참고문헌 (26)
- H. M. Kristensen, "United States nuclear forces", Bull. At. Sci, 76, pp.1701286~ (2020)[DOI]
- H. M. Kristensen, "Russian nuclear forces", Bull. At. Sci, 76 (2020)[DOI]
- X.W. Du, "Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Arms Control", ~ (2017)
- A. Arbatov, "Saving nuclear arms control", Bull. At. Sci, 72, pp.1170393~ (2016)[DOI]
- A. Glaser, "A zero-knowledge protocol for nuclear warhead verification", Nature, 510 (2014)[DOI]
- "Verification of nuclear weapon dismantlement"[URL]
- J. J. Hecla, "Nuclear disarmament verification via resonant phenomena", Nat. Commun, 9 (2018)[DOI]
- J. Yan, "Nuclear warhead verification: a review of attribute and template systems, Sci", Global Secur, 23 (2015)[DOI]
- E. M. Engel, "A physically cryptographic warhead verification system using neutron induced nuclear resonances", Nat. Commun, 10 (2019)[DOI]
- S. Philippe, "A physical zero-knowledge objectcomparison system for nuclear warhead verification", Nat. Commun, 7 (2016)[DOI]
- R. Scott Kemp, "Physical cryptographic verification of nuclear warheads", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 113 (2016)[DOI]
- Li Tian, "Research on encryption algorithm of radiation imaging for nuclear arms control verification", Nucl. Electron. Detect. Technol, 40, pp.937~942 (2020)
- Q. H. He, "A physically cryptographic hoteling observer for nuclear warhead verification", Nucl. Technol. Radiat. Protect, 36 (2021)[DOI]
- R. Venkatesan, "Robust image hashing", Proceedings 2000 International Conference on Image Processing Canada (2000)
- A. Swaminathan, "Robust and secure image hashing", IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur, 1 (2006)[DOI]
- S. Philippe, "Designing protocols for nuclear warhead verification", 56th Annual INMM Meeting (2015)
- E. R. Gerdes, "A proposed approach for monitoring nuclear warhead dismantlement", Sci. Global Secur, 9 (2001)[DOI]
- Heidi Smartt, "An Overview of Chain of Custody Options for LETTERPRESS", ~ (2016)
- J. Fridrich, "Robust hash functions for digital watermarking", Proceedings - International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing, ITCC 2000 (2000)
- Yong-min Yao, "Research and application of the image hash algorithm", J. Xi’an Univ. (Natural Science Edition), 19, pp.30~33 (2016)[DOI]
- S. Agostinelli, "GEANT4-a simulation toolkit", Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res, 506, pp.250~303 (2003)[DOI]
- "Arms Control: the New Guide to Negotiations and Agreements" (2012)[URL]
- A. J. Gilbert, "A single-pixel X-ray imager concept and its application to secure radiographic inspections", Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res, 861 (2017)[DOI]
- Li Zhou, "Fast Image Matching Based on Correlation Coefficient, vol. 27", pp.998~1000 (2007), Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology
- Y. Wu, "NPCR and UACI Randomness Tests for Image Encryption", Cyberjournals. Com (2011)
- H. Zhang, "Research on Image Quality Assessment Based on Visual Perception", Ph. D, pp.2009