Analysis and optimizations of macro-pulse performances for a constructed high-power beam injector with a compact layout
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The performance of terahertz (THz) radiation from free electron lasers (FEL) depends on the consistency of electron bunches within the macro-pulse, not just the properties of individual bunches. In accelerator-based injectors, bunch-to-bunch deviations often arise due to transient beam loading effects. This study investigates the impact of such transient responses on macro-pulse inconsistencies by combining theoretical analysis and particle simulations, using the FEL injector at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) as a case study. The goal is to optimize macro-pulse performance without requiring additional equipment or facility upgrades. To achieve this, an improved multi-objective optimization algorithm, NSGA-III, is introduced to optimize RF injection timing and phase settings, targeting energy and phase consistency within the macro-pulse and stable energy output. The approach is validated through extensive virtual simulations, which demonstrate its effectiveness in providing optimal initial settings for the HUST-FEL injector’s macro-pulse. Subsequent online experiments conducted on this injector have preliminarily validated the reliability of the proposed method as well. The results are applicable to other multi-bunch/macro-pulse injectors, offering a cost-effective solution for efficient beam commissioning and engineering implementation.
Abstract
The performance of terahertz (THz) radiation from free electron lasers (FEL) depends on the consistency of electron bunches within the macro-pulse, not just the properties of individual bunches. In accelerator-based injectors, bunch-to-bunch deviations often arise due to transient beam loading effects. This study investigates the impact of such transient responses on macro-pulse inconsistencies by combining theoretical analysis and particle simulations, using the FEL injector at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) as a case study. The goal is to optimize macro-pulse performance without requiring additional equipment or facility upgrades. To achieve this, an improved multi-objective optimization algorithm, NSGA-III, is introduced to optimize RF injection timing and phase settings, targeting energy and phase consistency within the macro-pulse and stable energy output. The approach is validated through extensive virtual simulations, which demonstrate its effectiveness in providing optimal initial settings for the HUST-FEL injector’s macro-pulse. Subsequent online experiments conducted on this injector have preliminarily validated the reliability of the proposed method as well. The results are applicable to other multi-bunch/macro-pulse injectors, offering a cost-effective solution for efficient beam commissioning and engineering implementation.