Aerobic Stability and Effects of Yeasts during Deterioration of Non-fermented and Fermented Total Mixed Ration with Different Moisture Levels
1
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The present experiment evaluated the influence of moisture level and anaerobic fermentation on aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR). The dynamic changes in chemical composition and microbial population that occur after air exposure were examined, and the species of yeast associated with the deterioration process were also identified in both non-fermented and fermented TMR to deepen the understanding of aerobic deterioration. The moisture levels of TMR in this experiment were adjusted to 400 g/kg (low moisture level, LML), 450 g/kg (medium moisture level, MML), and 500 g/kg (high moisture level, HML), and both non-fermented and 56-d-fermented TMR were subjected to air exposure to determine aerobic stability. Aerobic deterioration resulted in high losses of nutritional components and largely reduced dry matter digestibility. Non-fermented TMR deteriorated during 48 h of air exposure and the HML treatment was more aerobically unstable. On dry matter (DM) basis, yeast populations significantly increased from 107 to 1010 cfu/g during air exposure, and Candida ethanolica was the predominant species during deterioration in non-fermented TMR. Fermented TMR exhibited considerable resistance to aerobic deterioration. Spoilage was only observed in the HML treatment and its yeast population increased dramatically to 109 cfu/g DM when air exposure progressed to 30 d. Zygosaccharomyces bailii was the sole yeast species isolated when spoilage occurred. These results confirmed that non-fermented and fermented TMR with a HML are more prone to spoilage, and fermented TMR has considerable resistance to aerobic deterioration. Yeasts can trigger aerobic deterioration in both non-fermented and fermented TMR. C. ethanolica may be involved in the spoilage of non-fermented TMR and the vigorous growth of Z. bailii can initiate aerobic deterioration in fermented TMR.
Abstract
The present experiment evaluated the influence of moisture level and anaerobic fermentation on aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR). The dynamic changes in chemical composition and microbial population that occur after air exposure were examined, and the species of yeast associated with the deterioration process were also identified in both non-fermented and fermented TMR to deepen the understanding of aerobic deterioration. The moisture levels of TMR in this experiment were adjusted to 400 g/kg (low moisture level, LML), 450 g/kg (medium moisture level, MML), and 500 g/kg (high moisture level, HML), and both non-fermented and 56-d-fermented TMR were subjected to air exposure to determine aerobic stability. Aerobic deterioration resulted in high losses of nutritional components and largely reduced dry matter digestibility. Non-fermented TMR deteriorated during 48 h of air exposure and the HML treatment was more aerobically unstable. On dry matter (DM) basis, yeast populations significantly increased from 107 to 1010 cfu/g during air exposure, and Candida ethanolica was the predominant species during deterioration in non-fermented TMR. Fermented TMR exhibited considerable resistance to aerobic deterioration. Spoilage was only observed in the HML treatment and its yeast population increased dramatically to 109 cfu/g DM when air exposure progressed to 30 d. Zygosaccharomyces bailii was the sole yeast species isolated when spoilage occurred. These results confirmed that non-fermented and fermented TMR with a HML are more prone to spoilage, and fermented TMR has considerable resistance to aerobic deterioration. Yeasts can trigger aerobic deterioration in both non-fermented and fermented TMR. C. ethanolica may be involved in the spoilage of non-fermented TMR and the vigorous growth of Z. bailii can initiate aerobic deterioration in fermented TMR.
참고문헌 (30)
- AOAC., "Official Methods of Analysis" (1990), Association of Official Analytical Chemists
- Cao, Y., "Effects of addition of food by-products on the fermentation quality of a total mixed ration with whole crop rice and its digestibility, preference, and rumen fermentation in sheep", Anim. Feed Sci. Technol, 151, pp.1~11 (2009)
- Carvalho, B., "Aerobic stability of sugar-cane silage inoculated with tropical strains of lactic acid bacteria", Grass Forage Sci (2014)[DOI]
- Dalmau, E., "Effect of different carbon sources on lipase production by Candida rugosa", Enzyme Microb. Technol, 26, pp.657~663 (2000)
- Filya, I., "The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation, aerobic stability, and ruminal degradability of low dry matter corn and sorghum silages", J. Dairy Sci, 86, pp.3575~3581 (2003)
- Kimura, M., "On the stochastic model for estimation of mutational distance between homologous proteins", J. Mol. Evol, 2, pp.87~90 (1972)
- Kurtzman, C. P., "Identification and phylogeny of ascomycetous yeasts from analysis of nuclear large subunit(26S)ribosomal DNA partial sequences", Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 73, pp.331~371 (1998)
- Liu, Q. H., "Determination of aerobic deterioration of corn stalk silage caused by aerobic bacteria", Anim. Feed Sci. Technol, 183, pp.124~131 (2013)
- Makimura, K., "Detection of a wide range of medically important fungi by the polymerase chain reaction", J. Med. Microbiol, 40, pp.358~364 (1994)
- McDonald, P., "The Biochemistry of Silage" (1991), Chalcombe Publ., Cambrian Prrinters, Ltd.
- Muck, R. E., "A model of aerobic fungal growth in silage: 1. Microbial characteristics", Grass Forage Sci, 46, pp.283~299 (1991)
- Nishino, N., "Resistance to aerobic deterioration of total mixed ration silage inoculated with and without homofermentative or heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria", J. Sci. Food Agric, 87, pp.2420~2426 (2007)
- Nishino, N., "Microbial counts, fermentation products, and aerobic stability of whole crop corn and a total mixed ration ensiled with and without inoculation of Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus buchneri", J. Dairy Sci, 87, pp.2563~2570 (2004)
- Ohyama, Y., "Factors influencing aerobic deterioration of silages and changes in chemical composition after opening silos", J. Sci. Food Agric, 26, pp.1137~1147 (1975)
- Saitou, N., "The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees", Mol. Biol. Evol, 4, pp.406~425 (1987)
- Scaccabarozzi, L., "Short communication: Epidemiology and genotyping of Candida rugosa strains responsible for persistent intramammary infections in dairy cows", J. Dairy Sci, 94, pp.4574~4577 (2011)
- Schmidt, R. J., "The effects of Lactobacillus buchneri with or without a homolactic bacterium on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silages made at different locations", J. Dairy Sci, 93, pp.1616~1624 (2010)
- Sousa, M. J., "Mechanisms underlying the transport and intracellular metabolism of acetic acid in the presence of glucose in the yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii", Microbiology, 144, pp.665~670 (1998)
- Spoelstra, S. F., "Acetic acid bacteria can initiate aerobic deterioration of whole crop maize silage", J. Agric. Sci, 111, pp.127~132 (1988)
- Tabacco, E., "Dry matter and nutritional losses during aerobic deterioration of corn and sorghum silages as influenced by different lactic acid bacteria inocula", J. Dairy Sci, 94, pp.1409~1419 (2011)
- Thompson, J. D., "CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice", Nucl. Acids Res, 22, pp.4673~4680 (1994)
- Wang, F., "Ensiling of soybean curd residue and wet brewers grains with or without other feeds as a total mixed ration", J. Dairy Sci, 91, pp.2380~2387 (2008)
- Wang, F. J., "Resistance to aerobic deterioration of total mixed ration silage: Effect of ration formulation, air infiltration and storage period on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability", J. Sci. Food Agric, 88, pp.133~140 (2008)
- Wang, C., "Effects of storage temperature and ensiling period on fermentation products, aerobic stability and microbial communities of total mixed ration silage", J. Appl. Microbiol, 114, pp.1687~1695 (2013)
- Weinberg, Z. G., "Preservation of total mixed rations for dairy cows in bales wrapped with polyethylene stretch film − A commercial scale experiment", Anim. Feed Sci. Technol, 164, pp.125~129 (2011)
- Woolford, M. K., "The detrimental effects of air on silage", J. Appl. Microbiol, 68, pp.101~116 (1990)
- Xu, C. C., "Nutritive value for ruminants of green tea grounds as a replacement of brewers’ grains in totally mixed ration silage", Anim. Feed Sci. Technol, 138, pp.228~238 (2007)
- Xu, C. C., "Fermentation quality and nutritive value of a total mixed ration silage containing coffee grounds at ten or twenty percent of dry matter", J. Anim. Sci, 85, pp.1024~1029 (2007)
- Xu, C. C., "Ensiling and subsequent ruminal degradation characteristics of barley tea grounds treated with contrasting additives", Anim. Feed Sci. Technol, 141, pp.368~374 (2008)
- Xu, C., "Effect of an inoculant and enzymes on fermentation quality and nutritive value of erect milk vetch (Astragalusadsurgens Pall.) silages", J. Anim. Feed Sci, 20, pp.449~460 (2011)